Dynamic Ferrite Transformation Behaviors in 6Ni-0.1C Steel

Phase transformation from austenite to ferrite is an important process to control the microstructures of steels. To obtain finer ferrite grains for enhancing its mechanical property, various thermomechanical processes followed by static ferrite transformation have been carried out for austenite phase. This article reviews the dynamic transformation (DT), in which ferrite transforms during deformation of austenite, in a 6Ni-0.1C steel recently studied by the authors. Softening of flow stress was caused by DT, and it was interpreted through a true stress–true strain curve analysis. This analysis predicted the formation of ferrite grains even above the Ae₃ temperature (ortho-equilibrium transformation temperature between austenite and ferrite), where austenite is stable thermodynamically, under some deformation conditions, and the occurrence of DT above Ae₃ was experimentally confirmed. Moreover, the change in ferrite grain size in DT was determined by deformation condition, i.e., deformation temperature and strain rate at a certain strain, and ultrafine ferrite grains with a mean grain size of 1 μm were obtained through DT with subsequent dynamic recrystallization of ferrite.     

V的析出对中碳锰非调质钢热塑性及组织的影响

通过热模拟试验,对比分析不加V和加V两种中碳锰非调质试验钢的高温力学性能和组织,探讨V的析出对热塑性及组织的影响。结果表明,高温形变诱导析出的V(C、N)可抑制动态再结晶行为、提高变形抗力并促进晶内铁素体转变,使热塑性降低、高塑性温度区变窄、低塑性温度区变宽,而VC主要在奥氏体向铁素体转变时沿γ/α界面的形核析出,并有利于铁素体向晶内长大。不加V和加V的试验钢经1280 ℃固溶处理后,高温变形分别在900~1100 ℃和1000~1130 ℃时,可获得高的热塑性。     

马氏体温变形超细化过共析钢

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机进行单轴热压缩实验, 研究了含Al和不含Al两种过共析钢马氏体温变形和等温回火过程中的组织超细球化演变及超细球化组织的力学性能. 结果表明: 与马氏体等温回火相比, 马氏体温变形加快马氏体的分解动力学, 在较短的时间 内即获得超细化 (α+θ)复相组织. 温变形过程中的组织超细化演变主要经历渗碳体粒子的析出与粗化及铁素体基体的动态回复和动态再结晶; 而在等温回火过程中, 铁素体主要发生静态回复和晶粒长大, 并没有再结晶现象发生. 合金元素Al的加入在等温回火和温变形过程中均抑制马氏体的分解, 阻碍渗碳体粒子的粗化和铁素体晶粒的长大, 导致复相组织的细化. 同时, Al的加入使马氏体温变形和等温回火后所得超细化 (α+θ) 复相组织在不降低总延伸率的前提下, 强度得以明显提高.     

热变形对Fe-0.2C-2Mn合金γ→α转变动力学的影响及理论探讨

通过热处理实验和理论计算研究了热变形条件下Fe-0.2C-2Mn合金先共析铁素体转变动力学.金相观察表明,热变形细化铁索体组织,并使铁素体形貌趋于等轴状.在PLE/NPLE理论基础上,运用Pillbox模型和抛物线长大模型计算了变形前后铁素体的晶界形核率和长大系数,结果表明,过冷奥氏体变形促进NPLE模式下铁素体形核的主要原因是奥氏体晶界面积增加和元素扩散加快,而PLE模式下则是相变驱动力增大占主导.最后对比分析了热变形对形核和长大的影响程度,阐明了热变形细化不同温度区间转变的铁素体组织的机制.     

形变温度对Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变的影响

研究了热模拟单向压缩条件下形变温度对Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变过程组织变化的影响,结果表明,铁素体可在A3以上较高的温度下因形变而存在,大应变下该钢不存在单纯的形变奥氏体状态,随形变温度的降低,组织变化的规律为由奥氏体的动态再结晶为主,过渡到奥氏体动态再结晶与铁素体的诱导析出同时进行,再过渡为铁素体的析出与铁素体的动态相继进行的过程,碳素钢热加工过程在微观上实质是动态复合转变过程,奥氏体的动态再结晶影响了铁素体的形态、分布与细化效果,高温形变后的保温导致铁素体向奥氏体的逆转变。     

INFLUENCE OF HOT DEFORMATION ON CONTINUOUS COOLING BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A LOW CARBON STEEL

1.IntroductionRecently,greatprogresshasbeenmadeintheresearchofthebainiticmicrostructuralcharacteristicsandtransformationbehaviorfor(ultra)lowcarbonsteel,especiallyoncontinuouslycoolingtransformatio.[ll.Itisknownthatthemorphologyofbainiticstructurefromcontinuouslycoolingtransformationisverydifferentfromthatfromisothermalheatt...t...t[2--v].Fromtheviewpointofindustrialapplicationthattheultralowcarbonbainiticsteelareproduc,gdbythermomechanicalcontrolledprocess(TMCP),thestudyofcontinuouscoolingt…     

低碳-硅-锰系TRIP钢的组织演变规律研究

采用彩色金相、SEM、TEM和X射线衍射技术研究了低碳-硅-锰TRJP钢在单向拉伸状态下的组织演变规律.结果表明,TRIP钢变形前的组织为F、B和残余奥氏体,经拉伸变形后部分残余奥氏体在应变作用下转变为孪晶结构的马氏体,提高了钢的强度;TRIP钢的断裂为韧性断裂,位于F晶界处的残余奥氏体发生相变从而松弛了应力,延缓了断裂的产生,使TRIP钢板获得高塑性.     

动态相变制备超细晶钢理论研究进展

晶粒细化能够同时提高钢铁材料的强度和韧性,但工业应用最广泛的TMCP技术对显微组织的细化存在极限,通常仅能将晶粒细化至5 μm.利用动态相变(DT)技术能够制备出晶粒尺寸小于2μm的超细晶钢,对于满足工业发展需求具有重要意义.介绍了动态相变理论的研究进展,主要综述了动态相变形核驱动力、形核方式以及流变应力等方面的研究,...     

Microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in niobium microalloyed high carbon steels

Effects of microalloyed niobium (Nb) on the austenite decomposition behaviors and microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in the near eutectoid steels were investigated. Compared to the Nb free steel, the Nb microalloyed steel was refined with regard to polygonal ferrite grain, pearlite block and colony sizes. This was because its austenite grain size was smaller. The volume fraction of polygonal ferrite transformed was more in the Nb microalloyed steels, which indicated the eutectoid carbon content exceeded that of pure carbon steel. The spheroidization of pearlite during continuous cooling was enhanced by Nb microalloying, mainly due to a higher critical transformation temperature and the finer pearlite structure with smaller colony size and narrower interlamellar spacing. Hot deformation right above the equilibrium eutectoid temperature accelerated the spheroidization kinetics of pearlite, especially in the Nb microalloyed steel.     

Tensile behavior of TRIP-aided multi-phase steels studied by in situ neutron diffraction

TRIP-aided multi-phase steels were made by thermo-mechanically controlled process, where the ferrite grain size and the amount of the retained austenite were changed by controlling process conditions. The tensile behavior of four steels was studied by in situ neutron diffraction. It is found that the retained austenite bearing about 1.0 wt% C is plastically harder than the ferrite matrix. The steel with a ferrite grain size of ≈2.0 μm showed tensile strength of 1.1 GPa and a uniform elongation of 18.4%, in which stress-induced martensitic transformation occurs during plastic deformation but a considerable amount of austenite remains even after the onset of necking. It is concluded that the enhancement of uniform elongation is caused mainly by the work-hardening due to the hard austenite and martensite, where the contribution of the transformation strain is negligible.     

Q235碳素钢应变强化相变的基本特点及影响因素

在热模拟单向压缩实验中,通过形变参数的变化考察了Q235碳素钢应变强化相变的基本规律及铁素体晶粒细化效果,结果表明,铁素体的超细化在热力学上是由于应变强化相变最大限度地提高了相变过冷度,在动力学上是由于形核集中在局部的高应变区,同时在转变过程中形变不断产生新的形核地点并抑制铁素体生长的结果,实现铁素体的超细化需要一最小变量及一定的应变速率,以使转变完毕并加抑制铁素伯的生长及形变成长条状,应变明显削弱了奥氏体晶粒尺寸的差异带来的铁素体尺寸的差异,应变造成的铁素体动态再结晶进一步细化了晶粒,这种特征是动态转变所特有的,此外,还比较了应变强化相变与无应变及传统近轧控冷铁素体形成时的差异。     

Modeling and Analysis of Deformation for Spiral Bevel Gear in Die Quenching Based on the Hardenability Variation

Spiral bevel gears are widely used to transmit energy between intersecting axes. The strength and fatigue life of the gears are improved by carburizing and quenching. A die quenching process is used to control the deformation of the gear. The deformation is determined by the variations in the hardenability for a certain die quenching process. The relationship between hardenability, phase transformation and deformation needs to be studied to minimize deformation during the adjustment of the die quenching process parameters. In this paper, material properties for 22CrMoH steel are determined by the results of Jominy tests, dilatometry experiments and static mechanical property tests. The material models were built based on testing results under the consideration of hardenability variation. An finite element analysis model was developed to couple the phase transformation and deformation history of the complete carburizing and die quenching process for the spiral bevel gears. The final microstructures in the gear were bainite for low hardenability steel and a mixture of bainite and ferrite for high hardenability steel. The largest buckling deformation at the gear bottom surface is 0.375 mm at the outer circle for the low hardenability gear and 0.091 mm at the inner circle for the high hardenability gear.     

The Effect of Hardenability Variation on Phase Transformation of Spiral Bevel Gear in Quenching Process

The hardenability of gear steel is dependent on the composition of alloying elements and is one of important criteria to assess process of phase transformation. The variation of hardenability has to be considered in control of the microstructures and distortion during gear quenching. In this paper, the quantitative effect of hardenability has been investigated on phase transformations of spiral bevel gears in die quenching. The hardenability deviation of 22CrMoH steel was assessed by using Jominy test. The dilatometry experiments were conducted to build phase transformation kinetic models for steels with low and high hardenability, respectively. The complete die quenching process of spiral bevel gear was modeled to reveal the significant difference on microstructures and temperature history with variation of hardenability. The final microstructures of the gear are martensite in surface layer after quenching process. There are bainite inside the gear tooth and the mixture of bainite and ferrite inside gear for the gear with low hardenability. The microstructure is bainite inside the gear with high hardenability.     

形变条件下过冷奥氏体组织转变特征

结合过冷奥氏体形变的真应力-真应变变化特征和显微组织观察,对Q235钢冷奥氏体的形变过程进行了深入分析,讨论了不同阶段的形变特点,并初步讨论了形变强化铁素体相变和铁素体动态再结晶在获得均匀、超细、等轴的铁素体组织方面所起的作用.     

变形温度对形变强化相变完成时临界应变量的影响

利用“形变强化相变”机制研究了低碳钢过冷奥氏体在740℃和780℃,10s-1变形时的变形温度对相变完成时临界应变量εc的影响。结果表明,变形温度对εc和组织演变的影响很大。在740℃和780℃变形时,εc分别为0.96和1.39,变形温度降低明显促进了相变。变形温度对εc的影响在组织演变上主要表现为铁素体形核地点的不同。740℃变形时,铁素体由奥氏体晶界形核过渡到以形变带形核为主,形核速率极高;780℃变形时,铁素体由奥氏体晶界形核过渡到在铁素体/奥氏体相界面前沿高畸变区快速形核。     

Plastic flow characteristics of ultrafine grained low carbon steel during tensile deformation

In order to explain steady-state plastic deformation, i.e. the absence of strain hardening in ultrafine grained low carbon steel during tensile deformation, steel of different ferrite grain sizes was prepared by intense plastic straining followed by static annealing and then tensile-tested at room temperature. A comparison between the ferrite grain size of ultrafine grained steel and the dislocation cell size of coarse grained steel formed during tensile deformation revealed that uniform dislocation distribution with high density and cell formation were unlikely to occur in this ultrafine grained steel. This is ascribed to the fact that the ultrafine grain size is comparable to or smaller than the cell size at the corresponding stress level. In addition, from a consideration of dynamic recovery, it was found that the characteristic time for trapped lattice dislocations to spread into the grain boundaries was so fast that the accumulation of lattice dislocation causing strain hardening could not occur under this ultrafine grain size condition. Therefore, the extremely low strain hardening rate of ultrafine grained low carbon steel during tensile deformation is attributed to the combined effects of the two main factors described above.     

低碳钢中晶界铁素体/原奥氏体界面对贝氏体转变的影响

采用电子背散射衍射 (EBSD) 研究了低碳Fe--C--Mn--Si钢中晶界铁素体/原奥氏体界面对贝氏体形核的影响. 通过两阶段等温热 处理, 获得了晶界铁素体和贝氏体的混合组织. 结合金相观察和取向测量, 发现晶界铁素体与贝氏铁素体之间的界面分为两种, 一种界面不清晰, 一种界面清晰. 分析表明, 在晶界铁素体/贝氏体界面不清晰一侧, 晶界铁素体与原奥氏体保持取向关系, 贝氏体在这类界面形 核生长, 且取向与晶界铁素体保持一致; 在晶界铁素体/贝氏体界面清晰一侧, 晶界铁素体与原奥氏体无取向关系, 且贝氏体与晶界铁素体之间取向差较大.     

Ti处理改善船体钢焊接粗晶区的低温韧性研究

采用Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机对Ti和Al处理船体钢进行不同热输入焊接热模拟实验, 并利用OM和SEM研究了母材和热模拟粗晶区氧化物夹杂及显微组织. 结果表明: Ti处理钢中弥散分布的Ti氧化物具有良好的高温稳定性, 75 kJ/cm的焊接热输入对其形貌、成分及尺寸无影响, 能有效促进晶内针状铁素体(AF)形核长大. Al处理钢中以Al₂O₃为核心的复合夹杂高温易分解, 不能促进晶内AF形核. 线能量大于50 kJ/cm的大热输入条件下, Ti处理钢模拟粗晶区的低温韧性明显高于Al处理钢. t_8/5>40 s时, Ti处理钢中较多的晶内AF组织抑制了M-A岛形成, 细化了基体铁素体组织, Al处理钢中的TiN和Nb(C, N)第二相粒子粗化, 粗晶区晶粒异常长大, 大于Ti处理钢中的奥氏体晶粒尺寸.     

The Structure Stability of Carbide-Free Bainite Wheel Steel

Metallographic structures of carbide-free bainite steel wheel rim are mainly composed of supersaturated lath ferrite and retained austenite film among bainitic ferrite laths. It is suspected that supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite are likely to decompose under the influence of temperature change and mechanical stress. Stability of wheel rim structure is studied by means of x-ray diffraction, dye microscopy, and micro-hardness test. When the samples are tempered in the range of 150-350 °C, the retained austenite films are at the state of relative stability. Fifty percent of retained austenite is decomposed when the sample is tempered at 400 °C. Microhardness increases when the sample is tempered at 150 °C. The decrease in hardness is mild when the samples are tempered from 200 to 500 °C. The mechanical stability of retained austenite film is studied with tensile sample under the effect of tensile stress. The retained austenite appears to be stable in low and middle degree of deformation, and decomposition occurs at great amount of deformation. Diffraction peak of carbide is not found in all above experiments. The steel enriched silicon prevents the carbide precipitation during the transformation. It indicates the carbide-free bainite wheel steels have an excellent thermal and mechanical stability.     

Nb-V复合微合金化高钢级管线钢的奥氏体连续冷却转变

利用热模拟试验机研究了3种不同成分的Nb、V微合金化高钢级管线钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变行为,绘制了动态CCT曲线,分析和比较了3种试验钢的显微组织、显微硬度值和动态CCT曲线。结果表明,0.05Nb-0.03V配比能提高多边形铁素体的开始转变温度,从Nb钢的650~700 ℃,提高到700~800 ℃,并缩小多边形铁素体温度转变区间,扩大贝氏体温度转变范围,从Nb钢的400~650 ℃,扩大到350~680 ℃,同时抑制多边形铁素体相变,使管线钢更易获得所需的贝氏体针状铁素体组织。