带有色观测噪声的广义系统Kalman滤波器

对于带自回归滑动平均(ARMA)有色观测噪声的多传感器为广义离散随机线性系统,应用奇异值分解,将其变换为等价的两个降阶多传感器子系统,提出了广义系统多传感器信息融合状态滤波问题。为了提高精度,采用Kalman滤波方法,在线性最小方差按块对角阵最优加权融合准则下,给出了按矩阵加权解耦的分布式Kalman滤波器,可减少计算负担和改善局部滤波精度。为了计算最优加权,提出了局部滤波误差协方差阵的计算公式。一个Monte Carlo仿真例子说明了方法的有效性。     

带多层融合结构的广义系统 Kalman 融合器

对带多传感器的线性离散随机广义系统, 用奇异值分解将其化为两个降阶耦合子系统, 应用现代时间序列分析方法, 基于自回归滑动平均 (Autoregressive moving average, ARMA) 新息模型和白噪声估计理论, 提出了带三层融合结构的分布式稳态 Kalman 融合器, 它由两个加权融合器和两个复合融合器组成. 第一层给出子系统状态融合器, 实现了每个子系统分量解耦融合; 第二层给出变换后状态融合器, 实现了两个子系统的解耦融合; 第三层给出原始状态融合器, 它可统一处理状态融合滤波、平滑和预报问题. 为计算最优加权阵, 给出了计算局部估计误差互协方差阵公式, 证明了它的精度比每个局部估值器精度高. Monte Carlo 的仿真实例说明了其有效性.     

New approach to information fusion steady-state Kalman filtering

By the modern time series analysis method, based on the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) innovation model, a unified and general information fusion steady-state Kalman filtering approach is presented for the general multisensor systems with different local dynamic models and correlated noises. It can handle the filtering, smoothing, and prediction fusion problems for state or signal. The optimal fusion rule weighted by matrices is re-derived as a weighted least squares (WLS) fuser, and is reviewed. An optimal fusion rule weighted by diagonal matrices is presented, which is equivalent to the optimal fusion rule weighted by scalars for components, and it realizes a decoupled fusion. The new algorithms of the steady-state Kalman estimator gains are presented. In order to compute the optimal weights, the formulas of computing the cross-covariances among local estimation errors by Lyapunov equations are presented. The exponential convergence of the iterative solution of Lyapunov equation is proved. It is proved that the optimal fusion estimators under three weighted fusion rules are locally optimal, but are globally suboptimal. The proposed steady-state Kalman fusers can reduce the on-line computational burden, and are suitable for real-time applications. A simulation example for the 3-sensor steady-state Kalman tracking fusion estimators shows their effectiveness and correctness, and gives the accuracy comparison of the fusion rules.     

按对角阵加权信息融合Kalman滤波器

为了克服按矩阵加权信息融合非稳态Kalman滤波器的在线计算负担大的缺点,和按标量加权融合Kalman滤波器精度较低的缺点,应用现代时间序列分析方法,提出了按对角阵加权的线性最小方差多传感器信息融合稳态Kalman滤波器.它等价于状态分量按标量加权信息融合Kalman滤波器,实现了解耦信息融合Kalman滤波器.它的精度和计算负担介于按矩阵和按标量加权融合器两者之间,且便于实时应用.为了计算最优加权,提出了计算稳态滤波误差方差阵和协方差阵的Lyapunov方程.一个三传感器的雷达跟踪系统的仿真例子说明了其有效性.     

广义系统信息融合稳态与自校正满阶Kalman滤波器

基于线性最小方差标量加权融合算法和射影理论,对带多个传感器和带相关噪声的广义系统,提出了分布式标量加权融合稳态满阶Kalman滤波器.推得了任两个传感器子系统之间的稳态满阶滤波误差互协方差阵,其解可任选初值离线迭代计算.所提出的稳态融合滤波器避免了每时刻计算协方差阵和融合权重,减小了在线计算负担.当系统含有未知模型参数时,基于递推增广最小二乘算法和标量加权融合算法,提出了一种两段融合自校正状态滤波器.其中第1段融合获得未知参数的融合估计;第2段融合获得分布式自校正融合状态滤波器.与局部估计和加权平均融合估计相比,所提出的标量加权融合参数估计和自校正状态估计都具有更高的精度.仿真研究验证了其有效性.     

Distributed optimal fusion steady-state Kalman filter for systems with coloured measurement noises

Based on the optimal fusion criterion weighted by matrices in the linear minimum variance sense, an optimal information fusion steady-state Kalman filter is given for the discrete time-invariant linear stochastic control system measured by multiple sensors with coloured measurement noises, which is equivalent to an optimal information fusion steady-state Kalman predictor with a two-layer fusion structure for system with correlated noises. Furthermore, the steady-state optimal fusion predictor can be obtained only by fusing once after all local subsystems enter the steady-state predictions. The solution of steady-state prediction error cross-covariance matrix between any two subsystems can be obtained by iteration with an arbitratry initial value, whose convergence is proved. Applying it to a tracking system with three sensors shows its effectiveness.     

Robust weighted fusion Kalman estimators for multisensor systems with multiplicative noises and uncertain‐covariances linearly correlated white noises

This paper addresses the design of robust weighted fusion Kalman estimators for a class of uncertain multisensor systems with linearly correlated white noises. The uncertainties of the systems include the same multiplicative noises perturbations both on the systems state and measurement output and the uncertain noise variances. The measurement noises and process noise are linearly correlated. By introducing two fictitious noises, the system under consideration is converted into one with only uncertain noise variances. According to the minimax robust estimation principle, based on the worst‐case systems with the conservative upper bounds of the noise variances, the four robust weighted fusion time‐varying Kalman estimators are presented in a unified framework, which include three robust weighted state fusion estimators with matrix weights, diagonal matrix weights, scalar weights, and a modified robust covariance intersection fusion estimator. The robustness of the designed fusion estimators is proved by using the Lyapunov equation approach such that their actual estimation error variances are guaranteed to have the corresponding minimal upper bounds for all admissible uncertainties. The accuracy relations among the robust local and fused time‐varying Kalman estimators are proved. The corresponding robust local and fused steady‐state Kalman estimators are also presented, a simulation example with application to signal processing to show the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Kalman滤波的自回归滑动平均信号信息融合Wiener滤波器

应用Kalman滤波方法,在按矩阵加权线性最小方差最优信息融合规则下,提出了带白色观测噪声的多通道ARMA信号的多传感器信息融合Wiener滤波器.它可统一处理信息融合滤波、平滑和预报问题.为了计算最优加权阵,提出了计算局部滤波误差互协方差阵的公式.同单传感器情形相比,可提高估计精度.一个带三传感器的目标跟踪系统的仿真例子说明了其有效性.     

标量及对角阵加权的序贯估计融合算法研究

针对多传感器分布式估计融合系统,在最小化估计误差的协方差矩阵迹的准则下,采用标量加权及对角阵加权融合方法,提出了估计误差相关条件下的序贯处理式最优估计融合Kalman滤波器。该融合滤波器以两传感器估计融合算法为基础,对传感器采集信息依次进行融合计算,得到多传感器融合结果。比较两种算法与局部滤波器的估计精度,并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明了基于加权估计融合的序贯处理算法的可行性和有效性。     

Optimal Fusion Reduced-Order Kalman Filters Weighted by Scalars for Stochastic Singular Systems

Based on the optimal fusion algorithm weighted by scalars in the linear minimum variance sense, a distributed optimal fusion reduced-order Kalman filter with scalar weights is presented for discrete-time stochastic singular systems with multiple sensors and correlated noises. It has higher accuracy than any local filter does. Compared with the distributed fusion filter weighted by matrices, it has lower accuracy but has reduced computational burden. Computation formula of cross-covariance matrix of the filtering errors between any two sensors is given. An example with three sensors shows the effectiveness.     

带相关噪声异步采样系统的分布式最优线性递推融合估计

对带相关噪声的异步均匀采样线性离散系统, 研究了分布式最优线性递推融合预报和滤波问题. 通过引入 满足伯努利分布的随机变量将系统同步化, 给出了局部Kalman预报器和滤波器. 分别推导了局部估值间的互协方 差阵、分布式最优线性融合估值与局部估值间的互协方差阵. 提出了分布式最优线性递推融合预报器和滤波器. 与 局部估值按矩阵加权的分布式融合估计算法相比, 所提出的算法具有更高的估计精度, 但与集中式融合相比有精度 损失. 为了进一步提高估计精度, 又提出了带反馈的分布式最优线性递推融合预报器和滤波器, 证明了带反馈的融 合估计与集中式融合估计具有相同的精度. 仿真例子验证了所提算法的有效性.     

带有色观测噪声系统多传感器标量加权最优信息融合稳态Kalman滤波器

基于标量加权多传感器线性最小方差最优信息融合准则,对被多传感器观测的带有色观测噪声的离散线性随机控制系统,提出了一种具有两层融合结构的标量加权信息融合稳态Kalman滤波器,它等价于相应的带相关噪声系统的最优信息融合稳态Kalman预报器.最优信息融合稳态预报器可在所有局部预报器达到稳态时,通过一次融合获得,且任两个子系统之间的稳态预报误差互协方差阵可通过任选初值迭代求得,并证明了它的收敛性.通过将它应用到带三个传感器的雷达跟踪系统验证了其有效性.     

Distributed fusion cubature Kalman filters for nonlinear systems

This paper is concerned with the distributed fusion estimation problem for multisensor nonlinear systems. Based on the Kalman filtering framework and the spherical cubature rule, a general method for calculating the cross‐covariance matrices between any two local estimators is presented for multisensor nonlinear systems. In the linear unbiased minimum variance sense, based on the cross‐covariance matrices, a distributed fusion cubature Kalman filter weighted by matrices (MW‐CKF) is presented. The proposed MW‐CKF has better accuracy and robustness. An example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

广义离散系统多传感器信息融合Kalman滤波器

考虑了广义离散随机线性系统的多传感器信息融合状态估计问题．在广义系统无脉冲的假设条件下。通过等价变换将其转化为正常系统．应用经典Kalman滤波方法,在线性最小方差信息融合准则下,提出了按矩阵加权的广义系统多传感器信息融合稳态Kalman状态滤波器．仿真结果说明了算法的有效性。     

Robust fusion steady‐state filtering for multisensor networked systems with one‐step random delay,missing measurements,and uncertain‐variance multiplicative and additive white noises

The robust fusion steady‐state filtering problem is investigated for a class of multisensor networked systems with mixed uncertainties including multiplicative noises, one‐step random delay, missing measurements, and uncertain noise variances, the phenomena of one‐step random delay and missing measurements occur in a random way, and are described by two Bernoulli distributed random variables with known conditional probabilities. Using a model transformation approach, which consists of augmented approach, derandomization approach, and fictitious noise approach, the original multisensor system under study is converted into a multimodel multisensor system with only uncertain noise variances. According to the minimax robust estimation principle, based on the worst‐case subsystems with conservative upper bounds of uncertain noise variances, the robust local steady‐state Kalman estimators (predictor, filter, and smoother) are presented in a unified framework. Applying the optimal fusion algorithm weighted by matrices, the robust distributed weighted state fusion steady‐state Kalman estimators are derived for the considered system. In addition, by using the proposed model transformation approach, the centralized fusion system is obtained, furthermore the robust centralized fusion steady‐state Kalman estimators are proposed. The robustness of the proposed estimators is proved by using a combination method consisting of augmented noise approach, decomposition approach of nonnegative definite matrix, matrix representation approach of quadratic form, and Lyapunov equation approach, such that for all admissible uncertainties, the actual steady‐state estimation error variances of the estimators are guaranteed to have the corresponding minimal upper bounds. The accuracy relations among the robust local and fused steady‐state Kalman estimators are proved. An example with application to autoregressive signal processing is proposed, which shows that the robust local and fusion signal estimation problems can be solved by the state estimation problems. Simulation example verifies the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed results.     

多传感器时滞系统信息融合最优Kalman滤波器

基于线性最小方差最优加权融合估计算法,对多传感器的离散线性状态时滞随机系统,给出了一种非增广分布式加权融合最优Kalman滤波器.推导了状态时滞系统任两个传感器子系统之间的滤波误差互协方差阵的计算公式.它与状态增广加权融合滤波器具有相同的精度.与每个传感器的局部滤波器相比,分布式融合滤波器具有更高的精度.与状态和观测增广最优滤波器相比,具有较小的精度.但避免了增广所带来的高维计算和大的空间存储,可减小计算负担.仿真例子验证了其有效性.     

Robust weighted fusion Kalman predictors with uncertain noise variances

In this paper, the problem of designing weighted fusion robust time-varying Kalman predictors is considered for multisensor time-varying systems with uncertainties of noise variances. Using the minimax robust estimation principle and the unbiased linear minimum variance (ULMV) rule, based on the worst-case conservative system with the conservative upper bounds of noise variances, the local and five weighted fused robust time-varying Kalman predictors are designed, which include a robust weighted measurement fuser, three robust weighted state fusers, and a robust covariance intersection (CI) fuser. Their actual prediction error variances are guaranteed to have the corresponding minimal upper bounds for all admissible uncertainties of noise variances. Their robustness is proved based on the proposed Lyapunov equation approach. The concept of the robust accuracy is presented, and the robust accuracy relations are proved. The corresponding steady-state robust local and fused Kalman predictors are also presented, and the convergence in a realization between the time-varying and steady-state robust Kalman predictors is proved by the dynamic error system analysis (DESA) method and the dynamic variance error system analysis (DVESA) method. Simulation results show the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed results.     

自校正对角阵加权信息融合Kalman预报器

For the multisensor systems with unknown noise statistics, using the modern time series analysis method, based on on-line identification of the moving average (MA) innovation models, and based on the solution of the matrix equations for correlation function, estimators of the noise variances are obtained, and under the linear minimum variance optimal information fusion criterion weighted by diagonal matrices, a self-tuning information fusion Kalman predictor is presented, which realizes the self-tuning decoupled fusion Kalman predictors for the state components. Based on the dynamic error system, a new convergence analysis method is presented for self-tuning fuser. A new concept of convergence in a realization is presented, which is weaker than the convergence with probability one. It is strictly proved that if the parameter estimation of the MA innovation models is consistent, then the self-tuning fusion Kalman predictor will converge to the optimal fusion Kalman predictor in a realization, or with probability one, so that it has asymptotic optimality. It can reduce the computational burden, and is suitable for real time applications. A simulation example for a target tracking system shows its effectiveness.