Microstructure, phase transformation and mechanical properties of Ni-Mn-Ga-Y magnetic shape memory alloys

Influence of rare earth Y addition on the microstructure and phase transitions and mechanical properties of polycrystalline Ni₅₀Mn₂₉Ga₂₁ ferromagnetic-shape memory alloy (FSMA) are investigated. It is shown that microstructure of the Ni-Mn-Ga-Y alloys consists of the matrix and the Y-rich phase. The Y-rich phase firstly disperses homogeneously in the matrix with small amounts and then tends to segregate at the grain boundaries with increasing Y substitution for Ga. The Y-rich phase is indexed to Y(Ni,Mn)₄Ga phase with a hexagonal CaCu₅ type structure. The structural transition from 5 M to 7 M, and then to non-modulated T martensite appears with the increase of Y content. The martensitic transformation temperature increases remarkably with increasing Y content, whereas the Curie temperature almost keeps unchanged. It is revealed that the appropriate addition of Y significantly enhances the yield strength and improves the ductility of the alloys. The mechanism on the influence of Y content on the improved mechanical properties and martensitic transformation temperature is also discussed.     

Influence of zirconium content on microstructure and creep properties of Mo–9Si–8B alloys

Mo–Si–B alloys with a molybdenum solid solution accompanied by two intermetallic phases and Mo₅SiB₂ are a prominent example for a potential new high temperature structural material. In this study the influence of 1, 2 and 4 at.% zirconium on microstructure and creep properties of Mo–9Si–8B (at.%) alloys produced by spark plasma sintering is investigated. Creep experiments have been carried out at temperatures of 1100 °C up to 1250 °C in vacuum. The samples exhibit sub-micron grain sizes as small as 450 nm due to the chosen production route. With addition of 1 at.% zirconium, formation of SiO₂ on the grain boundaries can be prevented, thereby enhancing grain boundary strength and creep properties significantly. Moreover ZrO₂ particles also enhance creep resistance of the molybdenum solid solution. Creep deformation is a combination of dislocation creep in the grains including dislocation-particle interaction and grain boundary sliding leading to intergranular fracture surfaces. It is promising to use grain size adjustments in order to balance the creep and oxidation resistance of the investigated material.     

Nanocrystalline Fe–Nb–(B,Ge) alloys from ball milling: Microstructure,thermal stability and magnetic properties

Fe₇₅B₂₀Nb₅, Fe₇₅Ge₁₀B₁₀Nb₅ and Fe₇₅Ge₂₀Nb₅ alloys were prepared by ball milling from pure powders and their microstructure and magnetic properties were studied. A nanocrystalline solid solution of α-Fe type is the main phase formed, although traces of some intermetallics were found in the Fe–B–Nb alloy. The local arrangements of Fe atoms in Ge containing alloys continuously evolve with milling time. The obtained powders are thermally stable even heating up to 773 K. After heating up to 1073 K, intermetallic compounds are detected. The best soft magnetic properties are achieved after heating up to 773 K, due to stress relaxation of the nanocrystalline microstructure (for Fe–Ge–Nb alloy, coercivity ∼ 600 A/m).     

Microstructure and properties of Mg-Al binary alloys

O ver the past decade, the large-scale development and application of magnesium alloys have been greatly stimulated by the demand for lightweight and environment- friendly materials in the automotive industry [1-4]. Most commercial casting magnesium alloys are mainly Mg-Al alloys, such as AZ91D, AM60B, AM50A, AE42, and AS21 alloys. Since AZ91D, AM60B and AM50A alloys contain relatively high Al content they offer a good combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and ca…     

(Fe1-xCox)78.4Nb2.6Si9B9Cu1纳米晶软磁合金的结构与高频磁性

研究了非晶(Fe1-xCox)78.4Nb2.6Si9B9Cu1(x=0.35,0.5,0.65)合金490℃等温退火0.5 h后的结构与高频磁性.XRD分析表明,退火后非晶合金实现纳米晶化,析出晶粒尺寸约15 nm的α-FeCo(Si)软磁晶体相;随Co含量增加,晶格常数变小.利用Pseudo-Voigt2函数模拟XRD衍射峰并计算了晶体相体积分数,由晶体相体积分数及晶格常数估算了剩余非晶相的成分.用阻抗分析仪测量了合金在10 kHz-10 MHz范围的磁谱曲线.结果表明,随Co含量增加,合金初始磁导率降低,而共振频率明显提高,用畴壁运动方程及畴壁钉扎理论解释了Co含量变化对纳米晶合金高频磁性的影响规律.     

Microstructure and properties of sintered tungsten heavy alloys

The microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys were studied. The structure and segregation of the impurity elements at the interfacial boundaries were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fine-probe energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis. Test results of mechanical properties are presented and correlated with fracture behavior of the liquid-phase sintered tungsten alloys. It was found that the Fe-Ni-W alloy exhibits superior properties as compared with the Cu-Ni-W alloy. The detection of copper was found across tungsten grains and matrix that could be associated with inferior properties of the Cu-Ni-W alloy as compared to the Fe-Ni-W alloy. Although the fracture was predominantly brittle in both alloys, complex fracture modes seem to be operative due to the composite microstructure of the alloys. Evidence of microsegregation was observed that also contributed primarily to the brittle failure in the alloys. The impurity elements, such as sulfur and phosphorus, were detected at the tungsten matrix and tungsten-tungsten particle boundaries.     

AlCoCrFeNiBx 高熵合金微结构与性能

本文系统研究了 B 元素对高熵AlCoCrFeNiBx (x denotes the atomic fraction of B element 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0)合金的微结构和性能的影响。其中添加的B元素含量为0.1时AlCoCrFeNi 高熵合金的形貌从等轴晶转变为枝晶形貌。 其中在等轴晶的内部可以观测到调幅分解结构。当 x>0.1时, 枝晶和调幅分解结构都逐渐消失了,但是越来越多的硼化物开始出现了。这个转变归因于 Cr-B 和Co-B之间高的负混合焓.随着B元素的增加, AlCoCrFeNiBx高熵合金的结构从B2 BCC 结构向B2 BCC FCC 结构的转变, 最后形成了 B2 BCC FCC 以及硼化物的混合结构。 随着B元素的添加硬度值从 HV486.0 下降到了 HV460.7, 然后增加到 HV615.7,其中x=0.1时合金的硬度最低。合金的压缩强度随B元素的增加明显下降,当x=0.25时,合金具有最大的压缩强度,但是当x =0.75时, 由于硼化物的大量生成合金在弹性变形阶段就发生了断裂。随着B含量增多合金的矫顽力和饱和磁化强度开始下降. 下降的矫顽力显示合金具有很好的软磁性能。     

挤压态Mg-Sm-Ca合金的显微组织和力学性能

研究了挤压Mg-4.0Sm-xCa (x=0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt%)合金经过200 oC等温时效处理后的显微组织、时效硬化行为和力学性能。结果表明,随着Ca的添加,在镁基体中形成针/棒状的Mg2Ca相、块状和颗粒状含Ca元素的Mg41Sm5相,合金的晶粒被细化、拉伸力学性能得到显著提高。在 T5（峰值时效）态下,Mg-4.0Sm-1.0Ca合金具有最细的晶粒尺寸,其大小约为 5.1 μm。随着Ca含量的增加,针/棒状的Mg2Ca相逐渐增多,当Ca含量达到1.5 wt%时,晶界处含Ca的块状Mg41Sm5相的量明显减少。在峰值时效态下,Mg-4.0Sm-1.0Ca合金具有最大的硬度值（82 HV）以及最佳的力学性能,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别达到了267 MPa, 189 MPa 和 24%。合金力学性能的提高主要归因于晶粒细化、固溶强化以及Mg2Ca相和Mg41Sm5相的析出强化。     

Microstructure and tensile properties of as-extruded Mg-Sn-Y alloys

The microstructure and tensile properties of the Mg-1.0%Sn-xY(x=1.5%,3.0%,3.5%,atom fraction)alloys extruded indirectly at 350℃ were investigated by means of optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and tensile test.The mean grain sizes ofα-Mg matrix in the three extruded alloys are 6,8 and 12μm,respectively,slightly increasing with the addition of Y. The relationship between microstructure and strength was discussed in detail.The results show that the addition of Y has little effect on the grain refinement of the as-extruded Mg-Sn based alloys above.The only MgSnY phase is detected in the Mg-Sn-1.5%Y alloy, and the Sn3Y5 phase in the Mg-Sn-3.5%Y alloy,whereas both of them simultaneously exist in the Mg-Sn-3.0%Y alloy.The particle shape of MgSnY and Sn3Y5 phase,inherited from the solidification,has little change before and after hot extrusion.Mg-Sn-3.0%Y alloy has the highest ultimate tensile strength(UTS),305 MPa,by over 50%compared with that of the other two alloys.     

固溶态Mg-Gd-Zr合金的组织与力学性能

使用半连续铸造法制备Mg-xGd-0.6Zr(x=2,4,6,质量分数)镁合金,研究不同Gd含量对Mg-xGd-0.6Zr合金组织与力学性能的影响,优化Mg-6Gd-0.6Zr合金的固溶处理工艺.采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和显微硬度仪对合金的组织和力学性能进行表征.结果表明,随着合金中Gd含量的增加,晶粒尺寸略减小:Mg-xGd-0.6Zr合金的显微硬度与Gd的摩尔浓度呈线性关系.在铸造过程中由非平衡凝固形成的Mg2Gd和Mg3Gd在固溶处理时将转变成Mg5-05Gd平衡相;当固溶温度超过460℃时,Mg<,5.05>Gd溶解到a-Mg中.Mg-6Gd-0.6Zr合金的优化固溶处理工艺为(300℃,6 h)+(460℃,10 h).     

铸态Mg-Li-Al-xSi合金微观组织和力学性能

本文通过真空熔炼炉在氩气保护下制备了Mg-9Li-3Al-xSi(x=0,0.1,0.5,1.0 wt%)合金。实验使用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),力学性能测试和X射线衍射(XRD)研究合金的微观组织和力学性能。实验结果表明：铸态Mg-9Li-3Al合金组织中主要由α-Mg、β-Li、Mg₁₇Al₁₂相组成。加入Si后,合金中出现了新相Mg₂Si,晶粒得到了明显细化;当合金中的Si含量过高时,α-Mg相粗化,且会在相界处出现块状和汉字状的Mg₂Si相。合金的强度随着Si含量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,合金的延伸率随着Si含量的增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势。当合金中Si含量为0.1%时,抗拉强度达到最大值182.5MPa,延伸率为12.1%,相比未添加Si的Mg-9Li-3Al合金,抗拉强度提高了59.6%。     

铸态Mg-Sn-Si-Sr合金的显微组织与力学性能

采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和光学显微镜(OM)分别研究Mg-5Sn-xSi-0.5Sr(x=1,2)和Mg-5Sn-ySi-2Sr(y=1,2)合金的相组成和显微组织,采用力学性能试验机测定合金的拉伸性能。结果表明:Mg-Sn-Si-Sr系合金组织由α-Mg、MgSnSr、Mg2Sn、Mg2Si相所组成。Mg2Si相含量随Si元素的增加而增加,加入Sr元素会促进MgSnSr相的形成,抑制相界上Mg2Sn相的析出。Sn和Sr均能够细化Mg2Si相。当Sr含量由0.5%提高到2%(质量分数)后Mg2Si和Mg2Sn相均能得到显著细化,从而显著提高合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度。     

Microstructure and properties of Nb-Mo-Zr based refractory alloys

Microstructure and mechanical properties of five Nb alloys containing 8 to 17 at.% Mo, 8 or 35 at.% Zr, up to 7 at.% Ti, up to 2 at.% Al and up to 2 at.% Cr are reported. These alloys have been developed to replace heavy, expensive and difficult to process commercial Nb alloys, such as C-3009, for use at temperatures up to 1600 °C. The density of the alloys is in the range from 7.6 to 8.6 g/cm³. The alloys have a BCC matrix phase, and they also contain small amounts of secondary phases, which are rich in Zr and have BCC, FCC, hexagonal or monoclinic crystal structures depending on the concentration of other alloying elements, including oxygen and nitrogen. In the temperature range from 25 °C to 1600 °C, the alloys with a smaller amount of Zr are ductile and have higher specific strength than C-3009. The alloy containing 35 at.% Zr is stronger, but less ductile, than other alloys at temperatures up to 600 °C; however, it loses the strength rapidly at higher temperatures and becomes softer than other alloys at T > 1000 °C. The possible strengthening mechanisms responsible for the observed temperature dependence of the yield stress of the alloys are also discussed.     

合金成分对Pr2Fe14B/α-Fe纳米复合永磁材料组织与磁性的影响

用XRD、TEM、Mossbauer谱和VSM等实验方法,研究了不同Pr含量、B含量和Cu含量的Pr2Fe14B/α Fe型纳米复合快淬带的显微结构与磁性。结果表明:PrxFe94-xB6合金在x=8(α Fe体积分数约30%)时磁性能最佳,Br=1.29T,Hci=461.7kA/m,(BH)max=165.6kJ/m3;Pr8.5(Fe0.8Co0.2)86.5-xCuxB5合金在x=0.5时获得最佳的磁性能;随B含量增加,富B相在晶界分布,Pr8Fe92-xBx交换耦合减弱,磁性能单调下降。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of NbZrTi and NbHfZrTi alloys

Two medium-entropy alloys,NbZrTi and NbHfZrTi,were prepared by arc melting.Both NbZrTi and NbHfZrTi alloys are composed of simple body-centered cubic(bcc)solid solution phase and exhibit dendritic structure.After being homogenized,both NbZrTi and NbHfZrTi alloys are still composed of the single bcc solid solution phase,but the microstructure of the two alloys transforms from the dendritic structure into the polycrystalline structure.Two alloys display significantly workhardening effect during compression at room temperature and show relatively good deformation plasticity during compressive deformation at room temperature.For NbZrTi and NbHfZrTi alloys,the dynamic recrystallized grains form along the boundary during compression at the temperatures of 1073 and 1273 K.     

Microstructure and properties of modified and conventional 718 alloys

Continuing the effort to redesign IN718 alloy in order to provide microstructural and mechanical stability beyond 650 ℃, IN718 alloy was modified by increasing the Al, P and 13 contents, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the modified alloy were compared with those of the conventional alloy by SEM and TEM. The precipitation of the grain boundaries of the two alloys is different. The Cr-rich phase, Laves phase and α-Cr phase are easily observed in the modified alloy. The γ＂ and γ＇ phases in the modified alloy are precipitated in a ＂compact form＂. The tensile strengths of the modified alloy at room temperature and 680 ℃ are obviously higher than those of the conventional one. The impact energy of the modified alloy is only about half of that of the conventional alloy. Ageing at 680 ℃ up to 1000 h lowers the tensile properties and impact energy of both the conventional and modified 718 alloys, except increasing the ductility at 680 ℃. It is concluded that the modified alloy is more stable than the conventional one.     

Microstructure of hard magnetic bccFe/NdFeB nanocomposite alloys

The microstructure of amorphous-phase remaining bccFe/NdFeB nanocomposite Nd_vFe_balCo₈Nb_xCu_yB_z (V = 6–8, x = 0–2.5, y = 0–0.5 and z = 6–7 at%) magnet alloys, which were prepared by melt spinning, was investigated by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), three-dimensional atom probing (3DAP), and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found by HR-TEM that a small amount of amorphous phase remains in the intergranular region between crystal grains of bccFe and Nd₂Fe₁₄B₁ even after heat treatment at 740°C. The results of 3DP showed that Nb and B atoms are significantly enriched in the remaining amorphous phase. Mössbauer spectroscoopy revealed that the intergranular region is composed of not only so called amorphous phase but also several thin layered phases which have a rather strong hyperfine field distinctivity, and that the relative existing ratios of both the total intergranular phases and the Nd₂Fe₁₄B₁ phase increase with increasing Nb content. The coercivity-enhancing effect of Nb addition is discussed in this paper.     

Co含量对FeCoPB非晶合金软磁性能和弯曲韧性的影响

采用熔体旋淬的方法制备了Fe Co含量达到87 at%Fe-Co-P-B系非晶合金薄带,研究了金属元素Co对Fe-Co-P-B系非晶合金的形成能力、软磁性能和弯曲韧性的影响规律。该合金系具有高的饱和磁化强度1.75～1.84 T,且热处理后薄带仍具有良好的弯曲韧性。添加Co元素后,提高了合金的居里温度,矫顽力升高。对薄带样品施加12 MPa的拉应力,合金的矫顽力由12.8 A/m降低到6.5 A/m。因此,通过成分和应力的调控可以避免Fe基非晶合金热处理引起的弛豫脆性问题,为获得具有优异软磁性能和良好弯曲韧性的Fe基非晶合金提供重要途径。