AZ31镁合金非等温拉深性能的研究

针对AZ31镁合金等温拉深性能差的问题,提出了AZ31镁合金的非等温拉深工艺.通过平底杯形冲头拉深试验研究了不同冲头温度和板料温度对AZ31镁合金非等温拉深性能的影响,确定了使AZ31镁合金具有最佳拉深性能的板料和冲头温度范围.实验结果表明,除了板料和冲头温度之外,拉深速度和润滑条件对AZ31镁合金的非等温拉深性能也有重要影响.     

Effect of Equal-Channel Angular Rolling Pass on Microstructure and Properties of Magnesium Alloy Sheets

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rolling pass on AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets, which were produced by a new concept process, so-called equal-channel angular rolling process. Processing that causes continuous shearing deformation leads to a shifting of the crystal orientation from basal plane to non-basal plane. Compared with the as-received specimens, a lower yield strength and a higher ductility of the specimens produced by equal-channel angular rolling in tensile tests at ambient temperature were presented because of the non-basal crystal orientation. Drawability was also improved greatly.     

Nano grained AZ31 alloy achieved by equal channel angular rolling process

Equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) is a severe plastic deformation process which is carried out on large, thin sheets. The grain size could be significantly decreased by this process. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of grain refinement of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet by this process to nanometer. The effect of the number of ECAR passes on texture evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated. ECAR temperature was controlled to maximize the grain refinement efficiency along with preventing cracking. The initial microstructure of as-received AZ31 sheet showed an average grain size of about 21 μm. The amount of grain refinement increased with increasing the pass number. After 10 passes of the process, significant grain refinement occurred and the field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) micrographs showed that the size of grains were decreased significantly to about 14-70 nm. These grains were formed at the grain boundaries and inside some of the previous larger micrometer grains. Observation of optical microstructures and X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed the formation of twins after ECAR process. Micro-hardness of material was studied at room temperature. There was a continuous enhancement of hardness by increasing the pass number of ECAR process. At the 8th pass, hardness values increased by 53%. At final passes hardness reduced slightly, which was attributed to saturation of strain in high number of passes.     

Effect of crystal orientation on the ductility in AZ31 Mg alloy sheets produced by equal channel angular rolling

Shearing deformation was applied to AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets by a new concept processing, so-called equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) processing for the development of a different crystal orientation compared with the as-received sheets. The results indicated that deformation behavior was changed obviously and a clear yield phenomenon appeared followed by a clear work hardening state region after ECAR processing. And the elongation-to-failure of the ECARed specimens exhibited over 24%, which was almost twice larger than that of the as-received specimens. All of these can be owing to the modification of the crystal orientation.     

循环道次对高温叠轧AZ31镁合金板材组织与性能的影响

目的通过高温累积叠轧工艺制备出高强度的镁合金,并研究该过程中循环道次对AZ31镁合金板材的微观组织与性能的具体影响。方法对累积叠轧1～5次板材进行微观组织观察,并进行显微硬度的测试,得到不同板材的硬度值,通过X射线衍射分析得到不同板材的取向结果,最终进行力学性能实验,并对比分析。结果随着循环道次的增加,板材抗拉强度有明显改变。从260 MPa先增加至310 MPa,最后稳定在350 MPa左右;非基面织构比重增加;断裂伸长率先降低后升高并稳定在10%左右。结论累积叠轧工艺使得AZ31镁合金板材产生了加工硬化,并显著细化了晶粒。循环道次的增加、孪晶产生和晶界数量显著增多导致强度进一步提高。     

镁合金板材轧制成型的研究进展

镁合金板材在变形镁合金中占有重要的地位,但其轧制成型工艺还不是很成熟.分析了镁合金轧制成型的特点,论述了镁合金板材轧制成型的工艺,及异步轧制、等径角轧制、交叉棍轧制、累积叠轧等轧制方式对轧制成形性及板材组织性能的影响.重点阐述了通过调整轧制工艺和选择轧制方式提高镁合金的轧制成形性.指出了镁合金板材轧制中存在的问题和今后发展的方向.     

等径道角 挤压工艺对铸态 AZ91D 镁合金组织的影响

目的介绍等径道角挤压的原理及其对铸态AZ91D镁合金的组织产生的作用。方法通过确定的试验工艺参数,对AZ91D镁合金进行了等径道角挤压变形试验。使用金相显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM),对变形前后的材料进行了显微组织的观察。结果通过进行ECAE挤压后,AZ91D镁合金中的黑色共晶相(Mg17Al12)产生了回溶,在机械剪切和动态再结晶的综合作用下,晶粒得到了细化。结论通过等径道角挤压,能明显改善铸态AZ91D镁合金的组织。     

Formability and numerical simulation of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet in warm stamping process

The potential process for mass production of magnesium alloy components in vehicles—warm stamping process was investigated systematically in the present study. For analyzing the forming process, an accurate numerical model describing the unique characteristics of magnesium alloy sheets under warm forming is very essential. Aiming at this, hardening/softening model for 1.5 mm thickness AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet were firstly constructed based on uniaxial tensile tests. Secondly, semispherical drawing was carried out under the selected temperature to generate experimental forming limit curve (FLC) for AZ31B sheet. Then, friction coefficient was identified using a high-temperature tribo-tester. Finally, numerical simulation was implemented and formability of AZ31B sheet warm forming was verified with experiment. The result shows that the formability, thickness distribution and equivalent strain distribution in simulation agreed well with the actual specimens, which thus provided a good data base for describing the unique characteristics of magnesium alloy sheets under warm forming.     

初始晶粒尺寸对高温交叉轧制镁合金板材组织和力学性能的影响

目的 揭示晶粒尺寸对多道次高温交叉轧制AZ31镁合金板材组织和力学性能的影响规律及机制.方法 通过对不同初始晶粒尺寸的镁合金板材进行高温交叉轧制变形及热处理,获得不同状态的镁合金板材,采用金相显微分析、X射线衍射(XRD)分析及室温拉伸实验等手段研究镁合金板材的晶粒组织(形态、尺寸、取向)及力学性能.结果 经过多道次交...     

镁合金板材成形极限图(FLD)的实验研究

首次利用电蚀网格法,在BCS-30D板材成形性试验机上进行镁合金板材成形实验,利用先进的ASAME自动应变测量系统进行应变测量分析,测试镁合金板材的成形极限图(FLD).实验表明,室温下AZ31B镁合金冷轧态板材的力学性能和冲压性能不佳,难以完成成形极限图的测试,不具备成形加工能力;热轧态镁合金板材具有一定的塑性和成形性能,并测试了其成形极限图.成形极限曲线FLC的测试对制订镁合金板材的冲压成形工艺提供了理论依据.     

异步轧制AZ31镁合金板材的超塑性工艺及变形机制

经过异步轧制工艺获得AZ31镁合金薄板。在300~450℃范围内,分别通过5×10-3,1×10-3s-1和5×10-4s-1不同应变速率进行高温拉伸实验研究其超塑性变形行为,计算应变速率敏感指数m值、超塑性变形激活能Q及门槛应力σ0值。通过EBSD分析和扫描电镜观察拉伸断裂后的断口形貌,分析AZ31镁合金的超塑性变形机制。结果表明:AZ31镁合金的塑性变形能力随着变形温度的升高及应变速率的降低而增强。当拉伸温度为400℃、m=0.72、应变速率为5×10-4s-1时,AZ31具有良好的超塑性,伸长率最大为206%。温度为400℃时,异步轧制AZ31镁合金的超塑性变形是以晶格扩散控制的晶界滑移和基面滑移共同完成的。     

Producing High‐Strength Metals by I‐ECAP

Incremental equal channel angular pressing (I‐ECAP) is used in this work to produce ultrafine‐grained (UFG) pure iron, aluminum alloy 5083, commercial purity titanium (grade 4), and magnesium alloy AZ31B. Pure iron is processed at room temperature, aluminum alloy at 200 °C, titanium at 320 °C, and magnesium alloy at 150 °C. Strength improvement, attributed to the grain refinement below 1 μm, is reported for all processed materials. The yield strength increase is the most apparent in pure iron, reaching almost 500 MPa after one pass of I‐ECAP, comparing to 180 MPa in the as‐forged conditions. UFG titanium, aluminum, and magnesium alloys obtained in this study reached yield stress of 800, 350, and 300 MPa, respectively, in each case exhibiting the yield strength increase by at least 30%, comparing to the alloys processed by conventional metal forming operations such as forging and rolling.     

Effect of twins and non-basal planes activated by equal channel angular rolling process on properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Ultrafine-grained (UFG) metallic materials because of their superior properties have received considerable research interest. Recently, severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes are widely used for refining the grain size in magnesium alloys. Equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) is a SPD process based on equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) which is carried out on large, thin sheets. After doing this process, no significant change is occurred in cross-sectional area of specimen. In this research, an AZ31 magnesium alloy was subjected to ECAR. After completing eight passes of process, significant grain refinement was occurred, and the average grain size of about 3.9 μm was achieved. The distribution of grain size becomes more limited by increasing number of passes. Rotation of basal plane and activation of non-basal and twin planes were clearly observed in X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern results. Mechanical properties were studied via tensile and hardness tests at room temperature. Tension tests indicated that better ductility due to the rotation of basal plane was achieved. Elongation-to-failure was increased from 8% of as-received material to 19% after two passes of process. Hardness values showed an increase of about 53% at eighth pass.     

Microstructures and tensile properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy by continuous extrusion forming process

The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of continuous extrusion forming (Conform process) of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The results indicate that continuous extrusion forming can refine the structure, improve the degree of the structure homogeneity and change the crystal orientation of basal plane and hence enhance the ductility but decrease tensile strength at room temperature. The fracture mechanisms of the material prepared by Conform process change from the mixture of ductile and brittle to the full dimpled rupture compared with the conventional extrudate.     

Fracture mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing comparing three point bending test and tensile test

A commercial magnesium alloy, AZ31 in hot-rolled condition, has been processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to get microstructure modified. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted along the rolling/extrusion direction for as-received AZ31 alloy and ECAPed AZ31 alloy. Then, three point bending fracture tests were conducted for specimens with a pre-crack perpendicular to the extruded direction. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique was adopted to determine the deformation field around the crack tip. The fracture surfaces of the failed specimens after tensile tests and fracture tests were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). To explore the deformation mechanism, the microstructure and texture of different regions on the deformed specimens were examined through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show ECAP process improves both the tensile elongation and fracture toughness of AZ31 alloy. Different from the slip dominated deformation mechanism in the tensile test, deformation twinning presents in the deformation zone adjacent to the crack tip in the three point bending fracture tests. The fracture surface is characterized by co-occurrence of dimple and cleavage features.     

表面渗铝改性镁合金的轧制组织性能

引入"固态扩渗+轧制"一种新的表面改性方式,在研究镁合金薄板表面改性方法及工艺的基础上,采用固态扩渗的方法对AZ31镁合金薄板进行表面渗铝改性处理获得Al/AZ31镁基复合材料;借助有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟其冷轧过程,获得最优轧制工艺条件并进行轧制试验,通过XRD、SEM、金相显微镜、布氏硬度测量计、往复式摩擦磨损试验机和CorrTest腐蚀电化学测试系统检测材料表面的组织性能。结果表明:Al/AZ31镁基复合材料轧制变形后表面形变强化使表面组织晶粒更加细小、均匀,同时产生新的物相MgAl2O4,使其耐磨耐腐蚀性得到改善,表面布氏硬度从HB61.4提高到HB63.5,摩擦因数由0.52提高为0.60,表面摩擦磨损质量损失从0.33mg减小到0.26mg;表面耐腐蚀性能显著提高,自腐蚀电位从-1.49V提高为-1.38V,自腐蚀电流密度从6.2×10-3 mA/cm2降为7.0×10-4 mA/cm2。采用"固态扩渗+轧制"的方法获得的Al/AZ31镁基复合材料的耐磨性有所改善,耐腐蚀性能显著提高。     

Bio-corrosion of a magnesium alloy with different processing histories

High rates of degradation in corrosive media represent the Achilles heel of Mg alloys, which hinders their applications in various areas, particularly in prosthetics. We present an investigation of the degradation behaviour of magnesium alloy AZ31 in Hank's solution that simulates bodily fluids. The degradation rate is shown to be significantly reduced by grain refinement produced by mechanical processing. In particular, hot rolling does lead to a desirable retardation of degradation, while subsequent equal channel angular pressing does not result in any further reduction of degradation rate.     

Cyclic softening of ultrafine-grained AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing

The low-cycle tension–compression fatigue tests were performed at ambient temperature on ultrafine grained AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing. All samples exhibited cyclic softening, and the softening effect increased with increasing total strain amplitude. Observations by optical microscope revealed that pronounced recrystallization occurred, and the direction of larger axis of recrystallized grains was nearly 45° with respect to the loading axis. Local grain coarsening leads to the formation of dense shear localization, while line-like damage traces remain in fine grains. A model is proposed to account for the recrystallization, based on the characteristic distribution of defects introduced by equal channel angular pressing.     

AZ31镁合金室温异步轧制的织构演变

采用异步轧制技术研究了轧制工艺对AZ31镁合金塑性变形和微取向流变行为的影响.结果表明:将AZ31镁合金板材在室温条件下进行单道次异步轧制,织构随着速比增加,与快、慢辊侧相接触的表面层明显不同,但中间区域变化不明显.在快速辊侧,主要织构组份随着速比的增加而迅速增加;在慢速辊侧,主要织构组份随着速比的增加而交替变化.形变量的增大,可以细化晶粒和改善力学性能.     

AZ31镁合金板材轧制过程边裂形成原因分析

针对AZ31镁合金板材轧制过程中出现边部裂纹的问题,采用数值模拟方法研究了AZ31镁合金板材轧制过程中轧制温度对板材边裂的影响,利用实验室热轧试验方式研究了AZ31镁合金板坯宽厚比、轧制道次数以及工作辊直径等工艺参数对镁板边部裂纹的影响.研究表明,边裂的产生多数情况是由于几种因素共同作用的结果,其主要影响因素有轧制温度、道次加工率、轧辊直径以及板坯宽度和厚度等.在其他条件不变的情况下,减少板材宽厚比,可降低边部所受拉应力,有利于减少横向裂纹产生;当b(R·△h)~(1/2)时,随着板材宽度增加,轧制力逐渐升高,边部产生横向裂纹的几率增加;对于相同规格板坯,随着辊径增大,轧制过程中板坯的宽展量和所受摩擦力逐渐增加,有利于发挥板材塑性从而减小边部裂纹产生的趋势.