Protecting multicast services in optical internet backbones

Many applications in the future Internet will use the multicasting service mode. Since many of these applications will generate large amounts of traffic, and since users expect a high level of service availability, it is important to provision multicasting sessions in the future Internet while also providing protection for multicast sessions against network component failures. In this paper we address the multicast survivability problem of using minimum resources to provision a multicast session and its protection paths (trees) against any single-link failure. We propose a new, and a resource efficient, protection scheme, namely, Segment-based Protection Tree (SPT). In SPT scheme, a given multicast session is first provisioned as a primary multicast tree, and then each segment on the primary tree is protected by a multicast tree instead of a path, as in most existing approaches. We also analyze the recovery performance of SPT and design a reconfiguration calculation algorithm to compute the average number of reconfigurations upon any link failure. By extending SPT to address dynamic traffic scenarios, we also propose two heuristic algorithms, Cost-based SPT (CB_SPT) and Wavelength-based SPT (WB_SPT). We study the performance of the SPT scheme in different traffic scenarios. The numerical results show that SPT outperforms the best existing approaches, optimal path-pair-based shared disjoint paths (OPP_SDPs). SPT uses less than 10% extra resources to provision a survivable multicast session over the optimal solution and up to 4% lower than existing approaches under various traffic scenarios and has an average number of reconfigurations 10–86% less than the best cost efficient approach. Moreover, in dynamic traffic cases, both CB_SPT and WB_SPT achieves overall blocking probability with 20% lower than OPP_SDP in most network scenarios.     

Multicast protection scheme in survivable WDM optical networks

The protection design is a key issue in survivable wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. Most researches focused on protecting unicast traffic against the failure of a single network component such as a link or a node. In this paper, we investigate the protection scheme for multicast traffic in meshed WDM optical networks under dual-link failure consideration, and propose a novel protection algorithm called shared segment protection with reprovisioning (SSPR). Through dynamically adjusting link-cost according to the current network state, SSPR establishes a primary light-tree and corresponding link-disjoint backup segments for each multicast connection request. A backup segment can efficiently share wavelength capacity of its working tree or the common resource of other backup segments. Capacity reprovisioning establishes new segments for the vulnerable connections after a link failure and tolerates following link failures. The simulation results show that SSPR not only can make good use of wavelength resources and protect multicast sessions against any single-link failure, but also can greatly improve the traffic restorability in the event of dual-link breakdown.     

多协议标签交换的合并组播研究

本文首先引入一种新的基于MPLS的合并组播树,然后主要讨论了采用MPLS合并组播树在减少MPLS容错组播的备份树与标签消耗方面的高效性,最后的模拟分析表明在组播中采用MPLS合并组播树是有效的。     

Heuristic algorithms for designing self-repairing protection trees in mesh networks

Protection trees have been used in the past for restoring multicast and unicast traffic in networks in various failure scenarios. In this paper we focus on shared self-repairing trees for link protection in unicast mesh networks. Shared protection trees have been proposed as a relatively simple approach that is easy to reconfigure and could provide sub-second restoration times with sub-optimal redundancy requirement. The self-repairing nature of this class of protection trees may make them an attractive option for cases where dynamic changes in network topology or demand may occur. In this paper, we present heuristic algorithms to design a self-repairing protection tree for a given network. We study the restorability performance of shared trees and examine the limitations of such schemes in specific topologies, such as cases where long node chains exist. Using extensive simulations with thousands of randomly generated network graphs. We compare redundancy and average backup path length of shared protection trees with optimal tree designs and non-tree designs. We also apply our algorithms to the problem of designing the protection tree in a pre-designed fixed-capacity network, and study the performance of shared protection trees in this scenario under different network loads and link utilization levels.     

Comparison of recovery schemes to maximize restorable throughput in multicast networks

Multicast networks have many applications especially in real-time content delivery systems. For high-quality services, users do not expect to witness any interruption; thus, network link failure has to be handled gracefully. In unicast networks there are many approaches for dealing with link failures using backup paths. Recently, Cohen and Nakibly categorized these methods, provided linear programming formulations for optimizing network throughput under the assumption that the paths are splitable, and compared them experimentally. In this work, we take their approach and apply to the multicast failure recovery problem. We propose backup bandwidth allocation algorithms based on linear programs to maximize the throughput, and perform an experimental study on the performance of recovery schemes. We study many recovery schemes in multicast networks and propose a new recovery scheme that performs better than all other recovery scheme except the one that recomputed the whole multicast tree from scratch for each link failure.     

无线自组网多播协议的设计与仿真

在Ad hoc网络中,为了平衡能耗与鲁棒性,结合基于树和基于网格的多播协议的特点,给出了一个新的多播路由协议,基于Power aware优化的备用路径的多播协议(power aware-backup tree multicast,Pa-BTM).该协议采用主树和备用树相结合使用的方法,当主树损坏后立即采用备用树进行工作,提高了鲁棒性,同时基于树的结构也减少了能量的消耗.最后,使用仿真工具GloMosim对MAODV,ODMRP及Pa-BTM模拟仿真.仿真结果表明,该协议在包分发率和能量效能等性能上有所改善,可以较好地提高网络生存时间.     

Interference-aware multicast and broadcast routing in wireless mesh networks using both rate and channel diversity

This paper deals with the problem of load-balanced routing in multi-radio multi-rate multi-channel wireless mesh networks. Our analysis relies on the multicast and broadcast sessions, where each session has a specific bandwidth requirement. We show that using both rate and channel diversity significantly improves the network performance. Toward this goal, we propose two cross-layer algorithms named the “Interference- and Rate-aware Multicast Tree (IRMT)” and the “Interference- and Rate-aware Broadcast Tree (IRBT)”. The proposed algorithms jointly address the problems of routing tree construction, transmission channel selection, transmission rate selection, and call admission control. As an advantage, the IRMT and the IRBT algorithms consider both inter-flow and intra-flow interference. These schemes not only improve the utilization of the network resources, but also balance the traffic load over the network. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in terms of the number of transmissions, the load-balancing, and the network throughput.     

A subtree-based approach to failure detection and protection for multicast in SDN

Software-defined networking (SDN) has received tremendous attention from both industry and academia. The centralized control plane in SDN has a global view of the network and can be used to provide more effective solutions for complex problems, such as traffic engineering. This study is motivated by recent advancement in SDN and increasing popularity of multicasting applications. We propose a technique to increase the resiliency of multicasting in SDN based on the subtree protection mechanism. Multicasting is a group communication technology, which uses the network infrastructure efficiently by sending the data only once from one or multiple sources to a group of receivers that share a common path. Multicasting applications, e.g., live video streaming and video conferencing, become popular, but they are delay-sensitive applications. Failures in an ongoing multicast session can cause packet losses and delay, which can significantly affect quality of service (QoS). In this study, we adapt a subtree-based technique to protect a multicast tree constructed for OpenFlow switches in SDN. The proposed algorithm can detect link or node failures from a multicast tree and then determines which part of the multicast tree requires changes in the flow table to recover from the failure. With a centralized controller in SDN, the backup paths can be created much more effectively in comparison to the signaling approach used in traditional multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks for backup paths, which makes the subtree-based protection mechanism feasible. We also implement a prototype of the algorithm in the POX controller and measure its performance by emulating failures in different tree topologies in Mininet.     

多QoS约束的多播路由协议

随着高性能网络、移动网络及Internet的不断发展,具有QoS约束的多播路由技术已成为网络及分布式系统领域的一个重要研究课题.研讨了具有多QoS约束的多播路由问题,其中主要包含延迟、延迟抖动、带宽、代价等QoS约束.描述了一种适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型,提出了一种具有多QoS约束的多播路由协议(multicast routing protocol with multiple QoS,简称MRPMQ).MRPMQ试图有效减少生成多QoS约束的多播树的开销.在MRPMQ中,一个多播组成员能够动态地加入/退出一个多播会晤,且不干扰现有的多播树.给出了该协议的正确性证明和复杂性分析.仿真实验结果表明,MRPMQ为多QoS约束多播路由提供了一种新的有效途径.     

A QoS multicast routing protocol for dynamic group topology

Multicast routing is establishing a tree which is rooted from the source node and contains all the multicast destinations. A multicast routing tree with multiple QoS constraints may be the tree in which the delay, delay-jitter, packet-loss and bandwidth should satisfy the pre-specified bounds. This paper discusses the multicast routing problem with multiple QoS constraints, which may deal with the delay, delay-jitter, bandwidth and packet-loss metrics, and describes a network model for researching the routing problem. It presents a QoS multicast routing protocol with dynamic group topology (QMRPD). The QMRPD attempts to significantly reduce the overhead of constructing a multicast tree with multiple QoS constraints. In MPRMQ, a multicast group member can join or leave a multicast session dynamically, which should not disrupt the multicast tree. It also attempts to minimize overall cost of the tree, and satisfy the multiple QoS constraints and least cost's (or lower cost) requirements. In this paper, the proof of correctness and complexity analysis of the QMRPD are also given. Simulation results show that QMRPD is an available approach to multicast routing decision with dynamic group topology.     

An efficient critical protection scheme for intra-domain routing using link characteristics

In recent years, there are substantial demands to reduce packet loss on the Internet. Among the proposed schemes, finding backup paths in advance is considered to be an effective method to reduce the reaction time. Very commonly, a backup path is chosen to be the most disjoint path from the primary path, or on the network level, a backup path is computed for each link (e.g., IPFRR). The validity of this straightforward choice is based on two things. The first thing is all the links may have the equal likelihood to fail; the second thing is, facing the high protection requirement today, it just looks weird to have links not protected or to share links between the primary and backup paths. Nevertheless, many studies have confirmed that the individual vulnerability of the links on the Internet is far from being equal. In addition, we have observed that full protection schemes (In this paper, full protection schemes means schemes (1) in which backup path is a most disjoint path from the primary path; or (2) which compute backup path for each link.) may introduce high cost (e.g., computation).In this paper, we argue that such approaches may not be cost-efficient and therefore propose a novel critical protection scheme based on link failure characteristics. Firstly, we analyze the link failure characteristics based on real world traces of CERNET2 (China Education and Research NETwork 2). The analysis results clearly show that the failure probabilities of the links in CERNET2 backbone are heavy-tailed, i.e., a small set of links causing most of the failures. Based on this observation, we find out two key parameters which strongly impact link criticality and propose a critical protection scheme for both single link failure situation and multi-link failure situation. We carefully analyze the implementation details and overhead for backup path schemes of the Internet today; the problem is formulated as an optimization problem to guarantee the routing performance and minimize the backup cost. This cost is special as it involves computational overhead. Based on this, we propose a novel Critical Protection Algorithm which is fast itself for both the single link failure and the multi-link failure versions. A comprehensive set of evaluations with randomly generated topologies, real world topologies and the real traces from CERNET2, shows that our scheme gains significant achievement over full protection in both single link failure situation and multi-link failure situation. It costs only about 30–60% of the full protection cost when the network relative availability increment is 90% of the full protection scheme.     

一种新的时延受限多播路由算法

为了满足多播业务的实时性要求、提高资源利用率,提出一种新的时延受限最小代价树多播路由算法。该算法基于最小代价多播树的生成方法,对节点之间的时延进行动态修改,寻找满足时延限制的最短路径,可快速找到满足时延约束的多播树。实验结果表明,该算法生成速度快、代价性能良好、能够满足多媒体网络的实时性要求。     

一个基于应用层的单源组播协议设计

由于IP组播在实现过程中遭遇了很多困难,所以应用层组播就成了Internet应用研究的热点。本文在简单地论述了应用层组播的优缺点后,提出了一个基于应用层的单源组播协议ALSSMP。此协议设计的目的是能够实现大规模直播视频。在ALSSMP中采用树拓扑优先的方法来构造组播转发树。在组播树的维护方面,利用为转发树中每一个结点预先选择一个"备用父结点"以设置预留链路思想的PCP算法。该协议既继承了应用层组播的优点,又在一定程度上克服了应用层组播的不稳定性的特点,使组播树的稳定性和可靠性大大提高。     

多约束QoS动态多播路由算法

YAM和QoSMIC是支持QoS动态多播路由算法,允许多播组成员动态地加入/退出,同时为接收方提供多个可选择的多播接入路径,以满足不同应用的QoS需求。该文在分析这些算法的基础上,研讨了具有延迟、延迟抖动、带宽和代价等多约束QoS的多播路由问题,描述了一种适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型,提出了一种具有多约束QoS的动态多播路由算法(MQDMR),MQDMR试图有效地减少生成多约束QoS的多播树的开销。在MQDMR中,一个多播组成员能动态地加入/退出一个多播会晤,且不干扰现有的多播树。仿真实验结果表明,MQDMR比YAM和QoSMIC具有较小的延时和较少的代价。     

分布式QoS多播路由协议

研讨了具有QoS约束的分布式多播路由问题。描述了一种适应于QoS多播路由的网络模型,提出了一种分布式QoS多播路由协议（DQMRP）。DQMRP只要求网络链路（或节点）的局部状态信息,不需要维护全局状态信息。DQMRP可有效地减少构造一棵多播树的开销,多播组成员能动态地加入,退出一个多播会晤,且不干扰现有的多播树。给出了DQMRP的正确性证明。仿真实验结果表明：DQMRP具有较低的控制信息开销和节点加入时延,较其它协议更适合于网络状态变化比较频繁的环境以及实时多媒体应用。     

应用层组播协议研究与算法设计

提出了一个基于应用层的能够实现大规模视频直播的单源组播协议ALSSMP.在ALSSMP中采用树拓扑优先的方法来构造组播转发树.在组播树的维护方面,利用PRL算法为转发树中每一个非叶结点预先选择一个"备用父结点"以设置冗余链路,并对该算法从时间复杂度和空间复杂度方面进行了理论分析和研究.ALSSMP协议既继承了应用层组播的优点,又在一定程度上克服了应用层组播的不稳定性的特点,使组播树的稳定性和可靠性大大提高.     

一种带宽前瞻式的应用层组播路由算法

流媒体直播是应用层组播技术的一个主要应用领域,对网络性能非常敏感,节点失效时快速恢复路由是一个核心问题。该文在几种常见的处理方法基础上,提出了一种带宽前瞻式的快速重建路由的方法。在节点离开或者发生故障之前就为其孩子节点计算备用路由,一旦节点离开,其孩子节点可以迅速找到并平滑地切换新的父节点,尽量选择服务能力较强的节点作为备用路由,从而增加树的稳定性。     

Delay-SRLG constrained,backup-shared path protection in WDM networks with sleep scheduling

This paper addresses the Delay-Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLG) constrained path protection problem in green WDM networks with sleep scheduling, and presents a Green Delay-SRLG Constrained Protection (GDSCP) approach. In order to balance the QoS (delay, SRLG reliability, etc.) and energy consumption, the path search algorithm in GDSCP adopts different principles in the search of the primary and backup paths. The choice of the primary path is optimal for the end-to-end delay while minimizing the node awaking to save energy. When necessary, the rarely used backup paths are allowed to go through more sleeping nodes that lead to potential node awaking to ensure the disjoint degree, and thus increase the SRLG reliability of the combined path. Besides the traditional wavelength sharing between backup paths, our approach further encourages paths of different connections to wake up common sleeping nodes to increase the utilization of the reserved node awaking and thus reduce the demand for the new node-state switching in the network. Comparing to the traditional energy-aware schemes, simulations show promising results that GDSCP can obtain significant improvement in terms of increasing the sleeping percentage of the network and reducing the number of node-state switching without sacrificing the performance of blocking rate.     

WDM网状网中基于树路由的鲁棒抗毁算法研究*

研究了波分复用（WDM）网状网在软管不确定业务量模型下的鲁棒抗毁问题,提出一种新的基于树路由机制的共享分段保护算法——TSSP (tree-based shared-segment protection) 算法。利用软管模型下树路由机制的基本特征,TSSP算法首先计算出一个具有最小叶子节点数的工作树,然后根据恢复时间的要求为树上所有的叶子节点对寻找保护路径,最后借助共享保护的思想进行波长配备,从而达到优化网络性能的目的。仿真结果表明,相对于现有的鲁棒抗毁算法,TSSP不仅具有较小的全网代价,其恢复速度也较     

异构分布式系统中一种新型主副版本调度算法

针对异构分布式系统中处理器数量相对较少时优先级约束条件带来的副版本调度易失败问题，提出一种新型高可靠性主副版本调度算法（HRPB）。任务模型以有向无环图（DAG）表示，该算法共计调度主、副两个版本的任务。在任务优先级排序阶段，根据任务执行时间及截止时限来制定新指标平均最晚开始时间（ALST）进行排序；在任务处理器分配阶段，采取多一重备份策略以解决处理器数量相对较少时优先级约束条件带来的副版本调度易失败问题，并且改进了副版本调度时的可靠性指标计算方法。通过随机生成DAG图进行算法仿真测试，实验结果表明，HRPB比eFRD具有更优的副版本调度成功率、更高的系统可靠性。