Mutual interference analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b

IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b, operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed industrial scientific medical (ISM) frequency band, may lead to signal interference and result in significant performance degradation when devices are collocated in the same environment. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of mutual interference on the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b systems. An analytic model for interference between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b is suggested. The packet error rate (PER), transmission delay, and throughput are evaluated for IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b. The power spectral density of the IEEE 802.11b is considered in order to determine in-band interference power of the IEEE 802.11b to the IEEE 802.15.4. The simulation results by OPNET are shown to validate the numerical analysis.     

Adaptive frequency hopping and power control based on spectrum characteristic of error sources in Bluetooth systems

In this paper, we propose a new adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) and power control (PC) scheme to mitigate co-channel interferences and channel noise in the Bluetooth systems. We consider a two-step interference mitigation scheme exploiting the spectrum characteristic of the interference source and channel noise. Good channels without IEEE 802.11x based wireless local area networks (WLAN) interference are first estimated by considering wideband characteristic of WLAN. Then, channel noise and interference from other Bluetooth devices in good channels are, respectively, mitigated by PC and AFH based on narrowband characteristic of Bluetooth. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified by computer simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed mitigation scheme significantly outperforms conventional schemes.     

蓝牙微微网对WLAN网络同频干扰的建模

由于同在2.4 GHz的ISM频段下工作,IEEE 802.11b局域网和蓝牙微微网不可避免地产生相互干扰,严重影响各自的网络性能。通过对基于CSMA/CA和RTS/CTS机制的IEEE 802.11b协议进行数学分析,剖析了其吞吐量降低与发送不同蓝牙数据包之间的内在关系,建立了一个蓝牙微微网对IEEE 802.11b局域网干扰影响的数学模型。仿真结果表明：该模型能较好地逼近IEEE 802.11b局域网在蓝牙微微网干扰下的吞吐量仿真曲线,在蓝牙DH1、DH3、DH5数据包干扰的情况下,平均相对误差分别为17.86%、10.39%和6.64%。根据该数学模型,提出了一个降低蓝牙微微网干扰的有效方案。该方案能快速、低成本、自适应地调整IEEE 802.11b发送帧长,有效提高其在蓝牙微微网干扰下的吞吐量。     

WLAN与蓝牙系统共存方案研究

任何工作在ISM频带上的无线系统由于它们占据了同样的频率,因此可能彼此之间互相干扰。论文提出了IEEE802.11和IEEE802.15设备间的共存问题并且给出了用于减弱这些设备间干扰的方案(当IEEE802.15支持语音传输时)。在给出的方案中IEEE802.11和IEEE802.15设备可以独立地工作在非协作方式。论文还比较了该方案与MEHTA方案的性能。     

Adaptive unequal protection for wireless video transmission over IEEE 802.11e networks

Packet loss of video streams cannot be avoided at wireless links for limited wireless bandwidth and frequently changed environments. To provide differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees between multimedia and data services, IEEE 802.11e was proposed. However, its performance and flexibility need to be further improved. In this paper, after a survey on various modifications of IEEE 802.11e, we formulate the problem of video transmission over IEEE 802.11e networks to help scheme design and performance analysis. Then accompanied with in-depth analysis, an adaptive unequal protection schema is proposed, which is composed of three mechanisms: (1) Insert each video packet into the access category (AC) with the minimum relative queuing delay; (2) Assign each packet dynamically to a proper AC based on several parameters to guarantee the transmission of high priority frames; (3) Apply fuzzy logic controllers to adjust parameters so as to reply quickly to the variation of video data rate, coding structure and network load. Finally, regarding MPEG-4 codec as the example, we perform extensive evaluations and validate the effectiveness and flexibility of proposed scheme. Simulations are divided into WLAN and multihop parts, involving different video sequences and various traffic modes of data streams. Beside performance comparison between proposed scheme and other ones, influence of parameter setting and combination with routing algorithms are also evaluated.     

一种基于LWAP的IEEE 802.11平滑切换机制

IEEE 802.11网络中的BSS切换不可避免地产生丢包问题,这会造成网络性能严重下降,进而限制了移动环境下WLAN的广泛应用。为了降低切换过程中的丢包率,本文提出了一种在数据链路层、由无线链路事件触发的用户空间平滑切换机制,并且在基于嵌入式Linux平台的无线AP上进行了实现。大量的实验结果表明,在无需对当前IEEE 802.11协议进行改动的前提下,新切换机制可以保证在允许的时延范围内,较大地降低丢包率,提高网络性能,并且可以支持平滑漫游。改进的平滑切换机制独立于驱动,具有良好的可移植性,可以在现有AP上增量添加,而无需更改STA,降低了升级成本。     

存在隐藏终端的IEEE802.11e多跳无线网络模型分析

首次将802.11e的接入机制放入多跳环境中进行仿真分析和定量研究。提出一种新的多跳环境下802.11e网络模型,结合M/G/1/K排队模型,定量分析在隐藏终端影响下802.11e网络的MAC层吞吐率、MAC时延和帧丢失率,研究802.11e在多跳环境下性能表现的内在原因。经过仿真实验结果与数值分析结果的对比,验证了分析模型的准确性;通过有(无)隐藏终端影响下MAC层性能的对比分析,指出了802.11e在多跳无线网络中支持QoS的局限性:受隐藏终端的影响,802.11e对不同接入等级的业务提供QoS区分的性能明显降级。因而有必要研究隐藏终端问题的解决方案,提高802.11e在多跳环境下的性能。     

存在隐藏终端的IEEE 802.11e多跳无线网络模型分析*

首次将802.11e的接入机制放入多跳环境中进行仿真分析和定量研究。提出一种新的多跳环境下802.11e网络模型,结合M/G/1/K排队模型,定量分析在隐藏终端影响下802.11e网络的MAC层吞吐率、MAC时延和帧丢失率,研究802.11e在多跳环境下性能表现的内在原因。经过仿真实验结果与数值分析结果的对比,验证了分析模型的准确性;通过有（无）隐藏终端影响下MAC层性能的对比分析,指出了802.11e在多跳无线网络中支持QoS的局限性：受隐藏终端的影响,802.11e对不同接入等级的业务提供QoS区分的性能明显降级。因而有必要研究隐藏终端问题的解决方案,提高802.11e在多跳环境下的性能。     

Achieving optimal performance in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs with the combination of link adaptation and adaptive backoff

IEEE 802.11 is one of the most popular wireless LAN standards [Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, IEEE Standard 802.11, August 1999]. In the paper, we propose a simple analytical model, which helps one obtain deep insight into the mechanism of achieving optimal performance by using IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) protocol. The first contribution of this paper is the analysis of the optimal operation point where maximum goodput can be achieved. Through the analysis, we answer some fundamental questions about the existence and the uniqueness of the optimal operation point; about the maximum system goodput can be achieved; about the existence of a simple rule to check out if the system operates under the optimal state or not; and how do the data transmission rates, which is dependent on the selected physical transmission mode, and packet transmission errors, caused by channel fading and (or) interference, affect the final system performance. Another contribution is the proposal of a simple distributed adaptive scheme “LABS” (i.e., Link adaptation and Adaptive Backoff Scheme), which makes the system operate under the optimal operation point and, at the same time, achieves some pre-defined target service differentiation ratio between different traffic flows. In the LABS, two adaptive schemes are combined: one is the so called “Link Adaptation” scheme, which dynamically selects an optimal modulation mode at a given time so as to improve the achieved system goodput; the other one is the so called “Adaptive Backoff” scheme, which adaptively adjusts the minimum contention window size of each sending node to guarantee that the system operates under (or near) the optimal operation point. Results obtained in the paper are relevant to both theoretical research and implementation of real systems.     

Distributed channel assignment algorithms for 802.11n WLANs with heterogeneous clients

As the latest IEEE 802.11 standard, 802.11n applies several new technologies, such as multiple input multiple output (MIMO), channel bonding, and frame aggregation to greatly improve the rate, range and reliability of wireless local area networks (WLANs). In 802.11n WLANs, access points (APs) are often densely deployed to provide satisfactory coverage. Thus nearby APs should operate at non-overlapping channels to avoid mutual interference. It is challenging to assign channels in legacy 802.11a/b/g WLANs due to the limited number of channels. Channel assignment becomes more complex in 802.11n WLANs, as the channel bonding in 802.11n allows WLAN stations (APs and clients) to combine two adjacent, non-overlapping 20MHz channels together for transmission. On the other hand, IEEE 802.11n is backward compatible, such that 802.11n clients will coexist with legacy clients in 802.11n WLANs. Legacy clients may affect the performance of nearby 802.11n clients, and reduce the effectiveness of channel bonding. Based on these observations, in this paper, we study channel assignment in 802.11n WLANs with heterogeneous clients. We first present the network model, interference model, and throughput estimation model to estimate the throughput of each client. We then formulate the channel assignment problem into an optimization problem, with the objective of maximizing overall network throughput. Since the problem is NP-hard, we give a distributed channel assignment algorithm based on the throughput estimation model. We then present another channel assignment algorithm with lower complexity, and aim at minimizing interference experienced by high-rate, 802.11n clients. We have carried out extensive simulations to evaluate the proposed algorithms. Simulation results show that our algorithms can significantly improve the network throughput of 802.11n WLANs, compared with other channel assignment algorithms.     

Modelling and performance analysis of multi-hop ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are becoming very attractive and useful in many kinds of communication and networking applications. Due to the advantage of numerical analysis, analytical modelling formalisms, such as stochastic Petri nets, queuing networks and stochastic process algebra have been widely used for performance analysis of communication systems. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous analytical study that analyses the performance of multi-hop ad hoc networks, where mobile nodes move according to a random mobility model in terms of the end-to-end delay and throughput. This work presents a novel analytical framework developed using stochastic reward nets for modelling and analysis of multi-hop ad hoc networks, based on the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol, where mobile nodes move according to the random waypoint mobility model. The proposed framework is used to analyse the performance of multi-hop ad hoc networks as a function of network parameters such as the transmission range, carrier sensing range, interference range, number of nodes, network area size, packet size, and packet generation rate. The proposed framework is organized into several models to break up the complexity of modelling the complete network, and make it easier to analyse each model as required. The framework is based on the idea of decomposition and fixed point iteration of stochastic reward nets. The proposed models are validated using extensive simulations.     

Joint transmit power and physical carrier sensing adaptation based on loss differentiation for high density IEEE 802.11 WLAN

In high density (HD) IEEE 802.11 WLAN, packet loss can occur due to co-channel interference (asynchronous interference) or collisions (synchronous interference). In order to effectively mitigate the interference for spatial reuse, the causes of packet loss should be differentiated and corresponding network parameters (physical carrier sensing (PCS) threshold, transmit power (TXPW) and contention windows size) tuned accordingly. Such loss differentiation ability is not supported by current IEEE 802.11 networks; we devised a novel, zero over-the-air overhead, robust yet accurate method of estimating the probability of collision and interference, respectively. In this work, we investigate how to use differentiated packet error rate (PER) to mitigate asynchronous interference for increasing spatial reuse. Motivated by analysis, a joint transmit power and PCS threshold self-adaptation algorithm based on loss differentiation is proposed. Heuristics that address node starvation and fairness are also incorporated within the above (aggregate throughput maximization) framework to allow a flexible suite of approaches to network tuning. Elaborate simulations show that such joint adaptation algorithm can increase both total throughput and worst link throughput in HD WLAN greatly compared with PCS only adaptation without loss differentiation.     

蓝牙室内信道模型与同频干扰研究

蓝牙使用的是免费的ISM频段,容易受到同频段内其它设备的干扰,这些干扰可能来自其他微微网的蓝牙设备。文中分析了蓝牙设备在微微网干扰下的数据传输情况,具体分析了ACL数据分组在微微网同频干扰下的丢包率及吞吐量。为了符合实际的应用场合,给出了适用于蓝牙室内传输的无线传播信道模型。根据室内通信的距离,得出瞬时随机接收信号功率和干扰微微网的随机干扰功率,并根据蓝牙接收特性曲线求出时隙位错误率,然后根据蓝牙不同的数据分组类型求出各分组的平均丢包率和吞吐量。通过分析和仿真可以看出,各ACL数据分组的丢包率和吞吐量基本随通信距离和干扰微微网的数量呈对数下降关系。文中与以往文献相比的特点是：不是一旦发生数据分组“碰撞”就认为丢包,而是由信号和干扰的强度来决定分组是否发送成功。因此分析结果更加准确和实用。     

多速率IEEE 802.11b网络控制包速率调整

针对IEEE802．11b无线自组网中控制帧使用的速率较低、降低网络性能的问题,提出1种速率调整策略,其中心思想是使用AARF（Adaptive Auto Rate Fallback）算法自动调整RTS（Request to Send）和ACK（ACKnowledge）与DATA包的速率,使其速率一致,但不调整CTS（Clear to Send）以减少控制帧占用信道的时间．仿真结果表明改进后的速率调整策略能使IEEE802．1lb无线自组网的吞吐量显著提高．     

Throughput and PER estimates harnessing link-layer measurements for indoor 802.11n WLAN

The research work reported in this paper investigates if a Markov chain can model the throughput and packet error rate (PER) performance of off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11n wireless LAN network interface cards (NICs). We draw together uplink -downlink information from the NIC with a Markov chain to examine the performance of 802.11n within an indoor environment. Site measurements and point-estimates are taken and compared with the model predictions. Errors of less than 4% were recorded for the Markov model estimates while point-estimates recorded average errors of 9% both compared to site-measured throughput.     

Design and evaluation of practical coexistence management schemes for Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b systems

Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b standards share the same unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) radio spectrum. As such, severe interference is inevitable and performance can be impaired significantly when heterogeneous devices using the two technologies come into close proximity. We propose a new approach called ISOAFH (Interference Source Oriented Adaptive Frequency Hopping) based on a memory and power efficient channel classification process, thereby reducing the time and space complexity of the mechanism. Through our MATLAB Simulink based simulations of various coexistence mechanisms, we find that the IEEE 802.15 Task Group 2 (TG2) AFH performance is sensitive to memory and power limitations, while ISOAFH is less sensitive to these constraints and can keep a lower channel collision rate. In view of the potential implementation difficulties for AFH based approaches, we also propose a time domain mechanism called ISOMDMS (ISO Master Delay MAC Scheduling).     

Basestation collaboration in Bluetooth voice networks

In the near future Bluetooth may be embedded into many different types of mobile and portable devices [IEEE Personal Commun. 7 (1) (2000)]. This connectivity will enable a variety of future picocellular services such as real-time voice and data [Specification of the Bluetooth System 1.0b., Bluetooth Special Interest Group, 1999]. In this paper, we consider several Bluetooth-based telephony access point designs. Since the number of SCO links per Bluetooth node is very limited, the designs consider the use of multiple overlapping Bluetooth basestations or module coverage areas. The first scheme is a direct implementation of the telephony profile where the Bluetooth basestations/modules operate independently, without any coordination. The paper proposes several schemes which use a variety of techniques for reducing the call blocking rate using real-time communication between the basestations or Bluetooth modules. It is shown that significant improvements in blocking performance are possible using this approach. A constraint on the design of high-capacity voice access points is the potential packet loss experienced by overlapping SCO transmissions. The paper includes a worse-case characterization and discussion of Bluetooth’s shortcomings in this regard.     

一种应用干扰消除进行冲突消解的分布式无线MAC协议

媒介接入控制(MAC)用以协调无线节点对公共信道的共享,对无线网络性能有至关重要的影响。传统的MAC协议只能抑制冲突,不能根除及处理冲突。提出了一种基于已知干扰消除技术的新型消解冲突方法,并以此为基础设计了一个全新的MAC协议——CR-MAC。在CR-MAC协议中,无线接入点(AP)通过将部分报文传输与已知干扰消除相结合来解码冲突所包含的所有报文。因此发生冲突的报文传输过程能够被充分利用,且所需的报文重传减少了。实验结果表明,在网络吞吐率及预期报文时延指标上,CR-MAC协议较普遍采用的IEEE 802.11DCF协议均有明显优势。     

Wireless multimedia delivery over 802.11e with cross-layer optimization techniques

The use of wireless networks has spread further than simple data transfer to delay sensitive and loss tolerant multimedia applications. Over the past few years, wireless multimedia transmission across Wireless Local area Networks (WLANs) has gained a lot of attention because of the introduction of technologies such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, 3G, and WiMAX. The IEEE 802.11 WLAN has become a dominating technology due to its low cost and ease of implementation. But, transmitting video over WLANs in real time remains a challenge because it imposes strong demands on video codec, the underlying network, and the Media Access Control (MAC) layer. This paper presents a cross-layer mapping algorithm to improve the quality of transmission of H.264 (a recently-developed video coding standard of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group) video stream over IEEE 802.11e-based wireless networks. The major goals of H.264 standard were on improving the rate distortion and the enhanced compression performance. Our proposed cross-layer design involves the mapping of H.264 video slices (packets) to appropriate access categories of IEEE 802.11e according to their information significance. We evaluate the performance of our proposed cross-layer design and the results obtained demonstrate its effectiveness in exploiting characteristics of the MAC and application layers to improve the video transmission quality.     

A performance analysis of block ACK scheme for IEEE 802.11e networks

The demand for the IEEE 802.11 wireless local-area networks (WLANs) has been drastically increasing along with many emerging applications and services over WLAN. However, the IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) is known to be limited in terms of its throughput performance due to the high MAC overhead, such as interframe spaces (IFS) or per-frame based acknowledgement (ACK) frame transmissions. The IEEE 802.11e MAC introduces the block ACK scheme for improving the system efficiency of the WLAN. Using the block ACK scheme can reduce the ACK transmission overhead by integrating multiple ACKs for a number of data frames into a bitmap that is contained in a block ACK frame, thus increasing the MAC efficiency.In this paper, we mathematically analyze the throughput and delay performance of the IEEE 802.11e block ACK scheme in an erroneous channel environment. Our extensive ns-2 simulation results validate the accuracy of our analytical model and they further demonstrate that the block ACK scheme enhances the MAC throughput performance at the cost of the resequencing delay at the receiving buffer.