Concurrent prediction from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Compared the concurrent predictive accuracy of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men (SVIB), Form T-399, for the same Ss (N = 163) on 3 sets of scales developed for the SVIB to reflect J. L. Holland's occupational-personality types: the SVIB-Holland scales, the Basic Interest scales, and the Occupational scales. Data are reported to provide comparison between the SVIB-Holland scales and Holland's Self-Directed Search with different Ss, between the Basic Interest scales and Occupational scales for the same Ss, between the criteria of single highest scale and scores above a cutoff, and between the 3 types of scales. When cutoff scores were used, the SVIB-Holland scales and the Basic Interest scales predicted occupation held for some 60% of these Ss; about 1/3 of these accurate predictions were considered to be attributable to chance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relatedness of the Holland-grouped Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scale placements.

The Occupational scales of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) have been placed into broad interest categories that are based on J. L. Holland's (1973) system. These placements are important in the process of SCII interpretation; scales that are placed together may be interpreted as if they were related statistically as well as conceptually. The assumption of a statistical relationship may or may not be valid. The present study estimated the relatedness of those placements according to empirical and theoretical criteria for 87 female undergraduates. The empirical criterion was based on the Occupational scale intercorrelations within each Holland category. The theoretical criterion was based on Holland's occupational codes listed in the Occupations Finder. Occupational scales were identified as related or discrepant by one or both of the study criteria. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed and inventoried vocational interests: A comparison of instruments.

Compared the responses of 84 female Ss to the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS). The VCS task included J. L. Holland's themes and used the basic interest and occupational scales from the SCII. The results from both measures were related. The VCS was not significantly different from the SCII in internal consistency. The VCS themes were better predictors of expressed choices than the SCII themes. Comparisons of the instruments by the Ss did not yield clear preferences, and there was a strong tendency for Ss to suggest that a friend take both instruments. Ss perceived sex bias in the SCII but not in the VCS. Overall, the results support the use of the VCS including the Holland themes and the SCII basic interest category. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for vocational counseling and future research. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Locus of control, consistency of vocational interest patterns, and academic achievement.

Administered the SVIB, the W. James I-E Scale, and the American College Testing Program Examination (ACT) to 356 male university freshmen. Ss were classified as internals or externals on locus of control and as consistents or inconsistents on vocational patterns based on J. Holland's classification schema for scales on the SVIB. ACT scores were used to control for ability. Internals had a significantly higher GPA than externals; consistents had a higher GPA than inconsistents, but no significant interaction effects between vocational interest patterns and locus of control were found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiple correlations between personality factors and SVIB Occupational scales.

Investigated the construct validity of the Occupational scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with 359 male college students as Ss. 5 personality factors derived from the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) were correlated with each of the SVIB Occupational scales. Multiple correlation coefficients ranged from .24 to .64. The median coefficient of determination (corrected for shrinkage) was .18. The CPI Extraversion, Emotional Sensitivity, and Independent Thought factors yielded the highest individual correlations with the scales. The CPI Adjustment and Conventionality factors correlated negligibly with the SVIB Occupational scales. The significant relationships are consistent with J. L. Holland's personality theory of careers. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Holland's theory and resignations from the Catholic clergy.

Administered a biographic inventory, Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, and the Adjective Check List (ACL) to 50 active and 50 resigned priests. Resigned Ss could not be differentiated from those who remained based on personality variables and person-environment interaction factors as expressed in J. Holland's theory of vocational choice or by demographic data. On the ACL, resigned priests scored significantly higher on confidence, achievement, dominance, endurance, and order. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality correlates of voluntary midcareer change in enterprising occupations.

Compared the personality traits of 45 midcareer changers (mean age 35.5 yrs) with those of 66 vocationally stable controls (mean age 35.4 yrs). Career-change Ss were participants in a career counseling program, while the controls were participants in a selection/promotion assessment program in the same counseling center. All Ss were male and in management and sales occupations (Holland's enterprising type). Personality measures used were the EPPS, the Gordon Personal Profile, and the Gordon Personal Inventory. Discriminant analyses showed an overall significant difference in personality structure between the 2 groups. The traits contributing mostly to this difference were ascendancy, dominance, responsibility, endurance, and order. Midcareer changers were lower on all 5 traits. Results indicate that midcareer change is related to personality incongruity, thus supporting J. L. Holland's (1973) theory of vocational choice and stability. Results also suggest that lower task discipline may be associated with career change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluating Holland's and Gati's vocational-interest models: A structural meta-analysis.

In a recent review, I. Gati (1991) criticized J. L. Holland's model of vocational interests and concluded that his own hierarchical model was superior. A major problem with Gati's comparison of his and Holland's models was that it was based on an incomplete specification of Holland's model. The relative validity of Holland's order and circumplex models and Gati's 3-group partition model as they fit 104 published (1965–1989) correlation matrices is evaluated. Using 3 separate structural meta-analytic techniques (L. Hubert & P. Arabie's, 1987, randomization test of hypothesized order relations, confirmatory factor analysis, and individual-differences cluster analysis), the fit of Holland's and Gati's models to the data were compared. Holland's order and circumplex models were found to be adequate representations of the structure of vocational personalities and work environments, and were found to be superior to Gati's model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The geometric relationship between Holland's personality typology and the Vocational Preference Inventory.

Administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory to 373 undergraduates. The 11 scales of the inventory were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. 6 common factors were obtained: (a) Conventional Economic, (b) Feminine, Social, (c) Social Desirability, (d) Material World Orientation, (e) Status, and (f) Artistic. The distances between each pair of the 6 personality types in the 6-dimensional space defined by the common factors were computed and compared with Holland's 1971 hexagonal model of the relationships among the 6 types. The placement of the 6 personality types in 6-dimensional space by the factor analysis corresponded closely to Holland's model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Black militancy, affective attachment, and the fear of success in black college women.

Examined the fear of success in 252 black college women at 4 campuses. The proportion of fear of success found in TAT imagery of black women was consistently lower than has been found in studies of such imagery of white women. However, Ss endorsing the more militant black attitudes expressed more of this avoidance motive than Ss who endorsed less militant attitudes. Black militancy and fear of success were most closely associated for those Ss who did not report a permanent attachment to a man. This finding is interpreted as reflecting motivational dynamics similar to those of white women. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Status of Holland's Investigative personality types and their consistency levels seven years later.

Assessed the predictability of J. L. Holland's Investigative personality type and the 3 consistency levels over a 7-yr period. A sample of 95 male Investigative Ss who completed the Self-Directed Search (SDS) as college freshmen in 1970 were sent a questionnaire 7 yrs later. The questionnaire gathered information about the Ss' educational and occupational situations including present occupation, educational status, ideal career choice, and projected career in 1982. Hypotheses concerned the predictability over a 7-yr period of (a) 1-, 2-, and 3-letter SDS codes and most recent daydream codes and (b) Holland's sign of consistency. Results indicate that for Investigative-type males, the SDS had moderately high efficiency in predicting, 7 yrs later, actual job entry, graduate major, and ideal and projected career plans. The differential predictability of Holland's 3 consistency levels was supported in 21 of the 24 tests applied. Future research is recommended on the predictiveness of other personality types and Holland's diagnostic schema. Implications for counseling and future research are indicated. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cluster analyses of interest inventory scales as tests of Holland's occupational classification.

Compared J. L. Holland's occupational categories with groups of occupations that resulted from the application of L. L. McQuitty and J. A. Clark's iterative intercolumnar correlational analysis to the scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory, and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey for men and women. Results indicate that clusters of occupations exist that are internally consistent, and these usually agreed with the groups of occupations in Holland's classification. The hierarchical structure of the clusters followed the hexagonal ordering of Holland's occupational categories suggested in other studies. In addition, the usefulness of all 3 letters in Holland's occupational classification was supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Knowledge organization as a factor in career intervention outcome: A multidimensional scaling analysis.

Multidimensional scaling techniques (MDS) were used to examine the learning outcomes associated with J. L. Holland's Self-Directed Search (SDS; J. L. Holland, 1990). One hundred forty-six participants were randomly assigned to 3 conditions: the SDS, an attentional control, and a no treatment control. Based on the speculations of J. L. Holland, T. M. Magoon, and A. R. Spokane (1981), we hypothesized that participants who had completed the SDS would acquire Holland's complete RIASEC organizing scheme. No evidence of Holland's 2-dimensional RIASEC configuration was found for any of the groups. Examination of the 3-dimensional MDS solutions, however, suggested the presence of a prestige dimension and supported Holland's scheme as represented by D. J. Prediger's (1981) Things–People and Data–Ideas constructs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of overlapping and nonoverlapping items on the theoretical interrelationships of MMPI scales.

Scored 100 adults' MMPI protocols for (a) items appearing only on 1 scale (nonoverlapping) and (b) items appearing on more than 1 scale (overlapping). The correspondence of these 2 sets of scales to a theoretical structure composed of neuroticism, psychoticism, and extraversion dimensions was considered using a method presented by J. A. Wakefield and E. B. Doughtie (see record 1974-08049-001). The correspondence of the scales composed of nonoverlapping items with the theoretical structure was insignificant. The correspondence of the scales composed of overlapping items conformed extremely closely to the theoretical structure. Results indicate that neuroticism, psychoticism, and extraversion factors found in the MMPI are due to items that appear on more than 1 scale. It is argued that the factors attributable to the overlapping items validly represent the similarity of the criteria against which the scales were validated. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aspiration-job match: Age trends in a large, nationally representative sample of young White men.

Age trends in the match between vocational aspirations and actual jobs were studied in a nationally representative sample of 3,730 White males, 16–28 yrs old, who were interviewed yearly for 5 yrs. As the Ss aged, there was greater agreement between jobs and aspirations (classified according to J. L. Holland's typology [see PA, Vol 58:6452]). The distribution of both aspirations and actual jobs also differed with age. More of the older men were engaged in enterprising work, and the distribution of aspirations, which at age 16 diverged markedly from the distribution of jobs, resembled that distribution more closely by age 28. Implications for changing strategies of vocational counseling and research are discussed. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applicability of the Holland (1973) model of vocational development with Spanish-speaking clients.

Few studies have examined whether vocational development theories and interest inventories researched primarily with White samples are meaningful for Spanish-speaking individuals. The present study found that J. L. Holland's (1973) 6 personality types as measured by the authors' System for Career Decision-Making (CDM) were present in 4 Hispanic subcultures: Chicano, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and South American. Ss were 267 high school and junior college students. The types were ordered according to the Holland hexagonal configuration. Findings also confirm the construct validity of the CDM, which is based on the Holland model. The implications and advantages of using a single model of vocational development with all clients are discussed. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reliability of Holland codes across interest measures for adult females.

Derived 8 3-letter codes representing J. L. Holland's (1973) personality types from 3 inventories: the Self-Directed Search, the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (3 types of scales), and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (4 types of scales) for each of 52 adult women. Comparisons between codes derived from these sources revealed that agreement between any 2 sources of codes was varied. Some pairs agreed to the extent that the 3 letters of the codes were the same although not in the same order; others agreed to the extent that the 1st 2 letters matched 2 from the other. Findings support Holland's injunction to consider all codes that may be derived from the 3 highest ranking types rather than to limit consideration to occupations related to the code in only the order produced by the instrument. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A test of Chapman's theory of schizophrenic thought disorder.

Tested the validity of L. J. Chapman's (1964) theory of schizophrenic thought disorder. The vocabulary test from the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale for Measuring Intellectual Impairment served as the control task, and the multiple-choice vocabulary test used by T. B. Boland and L. J. Chapman (see record 1972-03368-001) to disclose a schizophrenic deficit related to thought disorder served as the experimental task. Two groups of 97 hospitalized psychiatric patients, one group classified as schizophrenic and the other as psychiatric controls, served as Ss. Both groups performed below the normal level reported by Boland and Chapman but somewhat above the mean level of the chronic schizophrenics they tested. The schizophrenic group in this study did not perform differently from the psychiatric controls on the experimental task. Results indicate that some factor other than schizophrenic thought disorder was being measured by the experimental task. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A test of Holland's environment formulations.

181 occupations, for which reinforcer rating data were available, were classified into the 6 environment models of J. L. Holland (1973). Mean reinforcer scale scores were found to differ significantly among the 6 environments on 17 reinforcer scales, on 12 of which there were significant pairwise differences. Comparison of hypothesized and observed rank orderings of the 6 environments showed significant agreement on 8 reinforcer scales. Comparison of mean score differences between alternating environments with those between opposite or adjacent environments were significantly in the hypothesized direction for 3 reinforcer scales. Multidimensional scaling of the 6 environments using correlation and d–2 as measures of similarity showed the appropriateness of a 2-dimensional solution, with an RCSIAE (Realistic, Conventional, Social, Investigative, Artistic, Enterprising) or REAISC ordering (compared with Holland's postulated RIASEC ordering). Position Analysis Questionnaire mean factor scores for 5 Holland environments were found not to fit a 2-dimensional configuration. It is concluded that these occupational reinforcer and behavioral requriement data provide at best only modest support for Holland's environment formulations. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)