Li0.98Mn2O4的流变相法合成及电化学性能研究

用流变相反应法以乙酸锂、乙酸锰、柠檬酸为原料合成正极材料Li0.98Mn2O4,探讨了合成条件;经X-射线衍射表征,热重法(TG)和差热分析(DTA)以及电化学性能测试表明:Li0.98Mn2O4结晶性能很好,为尖晶石结构,其首次放电比容量高达130 mAh/g,具有较好的循环性,40次循环后还能保持初始容量的88%以上。     

溶胶-凝胶法合成LiMn2O4及其电化学性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了锂离子蓄电池正极材料尖晶石结构的LiMn2O4粉体.考察了烧结温度对其结构及电化学性能的影响.随着烧结温度的升高,尖晶石型结构越来越完整,初始放电比容量增大,但循环性能却逐渐变差.在700 ℃下烧结10 h得到了性能较好的LiMn2O4粉体,在电流密度0.1 mA/cm2,截止电压3.5～4.4 V时首次放电比容量为126 mA · h/g,稳定放电比容量达110 mA · h/g,适合作为锂离子电池的正极材料.     

溶胶凝胶法制备LiNi0．03Mn1．97O4及其电化学性能

采用溶胶凝胶法合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.03Mn1.97O4,使用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对合成材料的结构及物理性能进行了表征。将合成材料作为锂离子电池正极活性材料,考察烧结温度对其结构及电化学性能的影响。随着烧结温度的升高,尖晶石型结构越来越完整,初始放电比容量增大,但循环性能却逐渐变差。在750℃下烧结温度12h得到了性能较好的HNi0.03Mn1.97O4,首次放电比容量为118．7mA·h／g,50次循环后,其放电比容量仍保持在101．6mA·h／g,适合作为锂离子电池的正极材料。     

烧结温度对尖晶石型LiMn2O4的影响

尖晶石型锰酸锂作为锂离子电池正极材料具有比能量高、循环性能好、成本低、无污染、安全性能好等优点,成为近年来研究的热点。尖晶石型LiMn2O4的结构与性能在很大程度上决定着锂离子电池的商业化。烧结温度是制备LiMn2O4的重要影响因素。从制备方法上综述了温度对尖晶石型LiMn2O4的影响。     

尖晶石LiMn_2O_4高温电化学性能研究

通过熔融浸渍、分段烧结的方法用LiOH·H2 O和EMD制得尖晶石型LiMn2 O4 活性材料 ,对材料进行了元素分析和XRD结构表征 ,采用最小二乘法计算了样品的晶格常数 ,结果表明样品属于立方尖晶石结构 ,为缺锂型尖晶石锂锰氧。样品在高温下的充放电曲线和循环伏安曲线的测定结果表明样品的首次放电容量为 12 2 8mAh·g- 1,放电电压为 3 96V ,恒温充电电压为 4 0 7V ,二者差值仅为 0 11V ,说明以其为正极的电池的极化较小 ,在高温下具有良好的循环特性。     

尖晶石型LiMn2O4正极材料的最新研究进展

尖晶石型锰酸锂以成本低廉、资源丰富和良好的安全性能,成为动力锂离子电池的理想正极材料。但尖晶石LiMn2O4高温循环性能差限制了其应用。阐述了尖晶石LiMn2O4容量衰减的机理;详细介绍了国内外在LiMn2O4正极材料体相掺杂和表面包覆改性的研究进展,并对体相掺杂和表面包覆改性LiMn2O4正极材料电化学性能提高的机理进行了讨论。最后对尖晶石LiMn2O4正极材料今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

不同方法合成LiMn_2O_4对其形貌及性能影响研究

尖晶石结构的锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)由于其对环境友好,价格较为便宜,已经成为未来动力锂电池的适用阴极材料之一。不同的合成方法以及合成条件对锰酸锂的形貌及其性能具有极大的影响。本研究分别采用溶剂凝胶法、固相法、熔融盐法方法合成LiMn2O4。并通过X-射线衍射、扫描电镜(SEM)、循环伏安法电池性能测试对合成产物的组成、结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征,进而研究影响产品的性能及形貌的诸多因素,并筛选出较为合适的合成条件以提高锂电池正极材料LiMn2O4的电化学性能。     

二元掺杂尖晶石LiMn2O4的合成与性能研究

采用高温固相法合成了二元掺杂改性的尖晶石型锰酸锂正极材料LiMn1 97Co0.02M0.01O4(M=La,Zr,Cr,Al,Ni).用X射线衍射法对材料进行了表征,表明所得材料均呈完美的尖晶石结构.通过充放电测试,发现掺杂后的材料循环性能有很大程度的改善.其中LiMn1.97Co0.02La0.01 O4具有较高的放电容量,同时循环50次后仍保持首次放电容量的92.4%.     

氟掺杂型锂锰氧化物的电化学性能研究

以LiNO3、LiF和Mn(AC)2·4H2O为原料,采用柠檬酸配位法,通过控制n(Li)n(Mn)和掺氟量,在750℃下制备尖晶石型系列Li1+xMn2-xO4-yFy电极材料。Li1+xMn2-xO4-yFy的充放电实验表明,随着锂掺入量的增加,材料的首次放电容量迅速降低,但材料的循环稳定性明显提高。Li1.05Mn2O4的放电容量最高(116mAh g),而且稳定性也较好。室温下,5次循环后容量仅衰减1.92%。掺氟明显降低材料在高温条件下的容量损失,但随着氟掺杂量的增加,材料的首次放电容量降低较大。同时掺杂锂和氟的材料比仅掺杂锂的材料具有更好的循环稳定性,Li1.05Mn1.95O3.95F0.05循环稳定后,放电比容量保持在103.5mAh g。Li1.15Mn1.85O3.9F0.1循环4次以后,便没有容量衰减,放电比容量稳定在98.5mAh g,因此,从比容量和循环稳定性两方面考虑,Li1.05Mn1.95O3.95F0.05和Li1.15Mn1.85O3.9F0.1是较好的电极材料。     

掺杂Zr~(4+)对LiMn_2O_4性能的影响

采用高温固相反应法,用ZrO2掺杂尖晶石L iMn2O4,制得了具有完整尖晶石结构的锂离子电池正极材料L iMn2-xZrxO4(x=0-0.02)。对材料进行了测试,试验结果表明,掺杂了微量Zr4+制得的正极材料,经100次充放电循环后材料比容量为102 mAh/g。采用不同充放电倍率进行充放电测试,随着充放电电流的增大,材料容量相应降低。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.