MgO-SiC-C材料的抗渣性能研究

以电熔镁砂、碳化硅、鳞片石墨(w(C)>97%)、铝粉(≤0.088mm,w(Al)>98%)和硅粉(≤0.088mm,w(Si)>98%)为主要原料,按w(电熔镁砂)=81%,w(SiC)=10%,w(鳞片石墨)=4%,w(铝粉 硅粉)=5%的组成配料,以酚醛树脂为结合剂,压制成125mm×25mm×25mm的MgO-SiC-C试样,在220℃干燥24h后采用感应炉法进行了抗转炉终渣试验,并对抗渣试验后试样进行了XRD、SEM和EDAX分析。结果发现熔渣对MgO-SiC-C试样的侵蚀和渗透并不显著,试样的侵蚀速率为0.25~0.3mm·h-1;抗渣试验后试样原质层主要组成为MgO、SiC和MgO·Al2O3;在与熔渣接触后,SiC被氧化成SiO2,由此导致在试样和熔渣间形成一高粘度的液相反应层,有效地减轻了试样受熔渣渗透和侵蚀的程度,提高了试样的抗渣能力。     

低碳MgO-C材料的抗热震性研究

以电熔大结晶镁砂、天然鳞片石墨、纳米炭黑、酚醛树脂、铝粉等为主要原料制备w(C)=3%的低碳MgO-C材料,以其抗热震性为考核指标,选取颗粒级配、复合抗氧化剂、石墨粒度和复合结合剂4个因素,进行了四因素三水平正交试验。结果表明:在本试验范围内,颗粒级配是影响低碳MgO-C材料抗热震性的主要因素,复合抗氧化剂次之,石墨粒度和复合结合剂的影响基本相当;通过极差分析确定,镁砂颗粒级配(3～1、1～0.088和≤0.088mm的镁砂的质量比)采用50:23:27,复合抗氧化剂采用Al2.5+Mg-Al0.5+B4C0.5,石墨粒度采用10μm的,复合结合剂采用炭黑N220+沥青+酚醛树脂,可制备出抗热震性最佳的低碳MgO-C材料。     

镁砂临界粒度和颗粒级配对镁质弥散型透气材料性能的影响

为了进一步完善中间包用镁质弥散型透气元件的性能,以电熔镁砂颗粒(粒度1~0.5、1.5~0.5和2~1 mm)、高纯镁砂粉(≤0.074 mm)、铝镁尖晶石粉(≤0.074 mm)、α-Al2O3粉(≤0.074 mm)为主要原料,亚硫酸纸浆废液为结合剂,按不同的粒度级配(配料中≤0.074 mm的细粉质量分数分别为6%、13%、20%和27%)配料、混料后经机压成型,然后经1 650℃下保温3 h烧成制备了镁质弥散型透气试样,并研究了镁砂临界粒度(分别为1、1.5和2 mm)和颗粒级配对试样透气度、高温抗折强度、体积密度和显气孔率、常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度以及显微结构中气孔孔径的影响。结果表明:随着镁砂颗粒临界粒度的增加,试样的常温强度、高温抗折强度和体积密度均减小,气孔率和透气度增大;随着配料中≤0.074 mm细粉含量的增加,试样的常温强度、高温抗折强度、体积密度均增大,气孔率和透气度减小。综合各项性能认为,电熔镁砂骨料(粒度为1~0.5 mm)含量为80%(w),细粉(≤0.074 mm)含量为20%(w),是镁质弥散型透气材料的最佳配比。     

焙烧炭砖孔结构和热导率与硅粉加入量的关系

以电煅无烟煤(5～3、3～1、≤1及≤0.088 mm,w(固定碳)=95.17%,w(挥发分)=0.37%,w(灰分)=4.14%)、鳞片石墨(≤0.147和≤0.074 mm,w(固定碳)=96.5%)、棕刚玉粉(≤0.074 mm,w(Al2O3>)=93.5%,w(TiO2)=2.3%)和硅粉(≤0.043 mm,w(Si)=96.37%)为原料,固定骨料与细粉的质量比为60∶40,细粉中硅粉和电煅无烟煤细粉总量固定为14%(质量分数),改变硅粉加入量(质量分数)分别为3%、5%、8%、10%、14%,以液态热塑性酚醛树脂为结合剂,乌洛托品作固化剂制成炭砖,于1 400℃3 h埋炭焙烧,借助于X射线衍射仪、压汞仪、激光导热仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析仪等测试手段,研究了不同硅粉加入量的焙烧炭砖的孔结构及热导率.结果表明:因炭砖焙烧过程单质硅原位反应形成β-SiC、Si2N2O和石英等陶瓷相,填充、阻隔或封闭了气孔,故硅粉加入量控制着试样内部的气孔分布、平均孔径和孔径<1 μm气孔的孔容积率;受材料组成和孔结构变化影响,炭砖的热导率也发生相应变化;随硅粉加入量增加,试样中孔径分布范围由宽变窄,平均孔径逐渐减小,<1 μm孔的容积率增加,气孔呈微孔化趋势;当试样中硅粉加入量超过8%时,气孔的平均孔径<0.3 μm,<1 μm孔容积率超过70%,试样的热导率急剧下降.     

ZrO_2配加料引入方式对熔铸AZS-36制品使用性能的影响

以w(Al2O3)≥98.5%的工业氧化铝粉(≤0.088 mm),w(ZrO2)>65.5%的锆英砂(≤0.25 mm),w(ZrO2)>85.0%的脱硅锆(3～5 mm),w(ZrO2)>39%的熔铸AZS-41熟料(4～20 mm)为原料,助熔剂为w(Na2CO3)≥99.0%的纯碱(≤0.088 mm),采用脱硅锆原料或熔铸AZS-41熟料补充ZrO2的两种配加料引入方式配料后混匀,分批加入电弧炉中,在高于1 800℃的温度下熔融后浇注到铸模中,铸件再经过冷凝、退火、切割、磨削和预组装后,制成熔铸AZS-36耐火材料制品,研究了两种配加料引入方式对熔铸AZS-36耐火材料制品抗玻璃液侵蚀、玻璃相渗出量及气泡析出率的影响.结果表明:添加熔铸AZS-41熟料或较多的脱硅锆,可以改善制品的抗玻璃液侵蚀性及玻璃相的渗出量;进一步提高配料的纯度,控制其Fe2O3、TiO2等杂质成分的含量,有助于减少制品高温下玻璃相的渗出量.     

微孔富镁尖晶石对低碳MgO-C材料性能的影响

分别以微孔富镁尖晶石(5~3和3~1 mm)和电熔镁砂(5~3和3~1 mm)为粗骨料,以<1 mm的电熔镁砂为细骨料,以镁砂粉(≤0.088 mm)、鳞片石墨粉(≤0.088 mm)、金属铝粉(≤0.074 mm)为细粉,以酚醛树脂为结合剂,制备了w(C)=6%的两种低碳MgO-C材料,经220和1 500℃(埋焦炭)热处理后,测定其显气孔率、常温耐压强度、常温抗折强度、加热永久线变化率、抗热震性和抗渣性。结果表明:1)用微孔富镁尖晶石骨料取代普通低碳MgO-C材料中的部分镁砂骨料后,经220和1 500℃热处理后试样的显气孔率均比普通低碳MgO-C试样的大,体积密度均比普通低碳MgO-C试样的小;220℃固化后试样的强度比普通低碳MgO-C试样的小,但1 500℃热处理后试样的强度比普通低碳MgO-C试样的大;1 500℃热处理后试样的加热永久线变化率比普通低碳MgO-C试样的小。2)使用微孔富镁尖晶石骨料代替电熔镁砂骨料能有效提高低碳MgO-C材料的抗热震性,但对低碳MgO-C材料的抗侵蚀性不利。     

SiC加入量及烧成气氛对MgO-MgAl_2O_4质耐火材料性能的影响

为改善炭素焙烧炉火道墙的导热性能,以高纯镁砂(5~2、≤2和≤0.088 mm)和预合成镁铝尖晶石(≤1 mm)为原料,SiC粉(≤0.088 mm)为添加剂,热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,经配料、成型、烘干、1 500℃热处理3 h后,制备了MgO-MgAl_2O_4质耐火材料试样,并分别研究了SiC粉的加入量(质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%和4%)和烧成气氛(空气气氛或埋炭气氛)对MgO-MgAl_2O_4质耐火材料性能和显微结构的影响。结果表明:当SiC加入量为3%(w)时,经空气气氛烧后试样综合性能最好;当SiC加入量为4%(w)时,经空气气氛烧后试样的中心部位SiC氧化成SiO气体,形成边缘致密而中心疏松的蓄热体结构,热导率急剧下降;加入SiC后经埋炭烧后试样,由于SiC被氧化成SiO气体,导致试样孔隙率增加,试样的强度及热导率有所下降。     

用菱镁矿碎矿生产烧结镁砂的试验研究

为了提高菱镁矿资源的有效利用率,将块度小于20 mm的废弃菱镁矿碎矿分别破碎成粒度5~3、3~1和≤1 mm的颗粒和≤0.088 mm的细粉,分别与5%(w)的轻烧镁粉(≤0.088mm)和4%(w,外加)的结合剂混合,经压球、高温(1 800℃)煅烧等工序制成烧结镁砂,通过研究菱镁矿碎矿粒度配比、结合剂种类(分别为MgCl2溶液、纸浆废液和水)和成型压力(分别为45、135、225、250和300 MPa)对煅烧或烘干后试样致密度的影响。结果表明:将菱镁矿碎矿破碎成≤0.088 mm的细粉,与轻烧镁粉按95 5的质量比配料,采用MgCl2溶液与纸浆废液按3 1质量比混合的复合结合剂,按250 MPa成型压力压球后,在1 800℃保温5 h煅烧制备的烧结镁砂,理化指标达到了国标中MS96牌号烧结镁砂的要求。     

锆酸钙引入形式对MgO-CaZrO_3质弥散型透气材料性能的影响

为了改善镁质弥散型透气材料的性能,以高纯镁砂颗粒(0.2~1 mm)、预合成锆酸钙粉(≤0.074 mm)、分析纯碳酸钙粉(≤0.044 mm)、分析纯单斜氧化锆粉(≤0.005 mm)为原料,设计了最终烧成后均含有87%(w)的高纯镁砂和13%(w)的锆酸钙,但锆酸钙引入形式不同(预合成锆酸钙、利用碳酸钙和氧化锆原位反应生成的锆酸钙、预合成锆酸钙+原位生成的锆酸钙)的3种Mg O-Ca Zr O3质试样,经配方计算、配料、成型、110℃干燥和1 650℃烧成后,检测这3种试样的显气孔率、体积密度、透气度、常温强度、高温强度和抗热震性,并分析其显微结构。结果表明:1)随着原位锆酸钙设计生成量的增加,试样的烧后线收缩率、显气孔率和透气度均增大,常温耐压强度、常温抗折强度、高温抗折强度和抗热震性均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,锆酸钙的分布也更加均匀;2)综合考虑材料的透气度、常温强度、高温强度和抗热震性,复合引入原位锆酸钙和预合成锆酸钙的试样最佳。     

新型氮化硅质耐火材料的制备与性能分析

以闪速燃烧法合成的不同粒度的氮化硅铁颗粒(w(Si)=48.76%,w(N)=30.65%,w(Fe)=14.15%,w(O)=2.2%,w(Al)=0.8%)作为骨料,以粒度≤0.088 mm的氮化硅铁粉和Si粉(w(Si)=98.22%,w(Al)=0.15%)作为细粉,经混料、困料、成型、干燥和1 450℃保温24 h氮化烧成等工艺,制备了以Si_3N_4为主晶相的新型氮化硅质耐火材料。检测结果表明:所制备试样的显气孔率为29.2%,体积密度为2.39g·cm~(- 3),常温耐压强度为151 MPa,常温抗折强度为40.3 MPa,1 400℃高温抗折强度为12.2 MPa;其物相组成(w)为:β-Si_3N_472.03%,α-Si_3N_49.20%,Si_2N_2O 6.23%,Fe3Si 11.60%,Si O_20.94%。在高温条件下,随着体系中氧分压的不断降低,絮状的Si_2N_2O和Si_3N_4结合相主要由体系气相组分中的Si O、Si蒸气与N2、O_2反应形成。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。