Effect of fruit canopy positions on the properties of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties

Effect of fruit position in the tree on properties of two commercially important apricot varieties (Hac?halilo?lu and Kabaa??) was investigated. Principal component analysis separated apricots based on their variety and canopy position. Hac?halilo?lu variety was distinguished from Kabaa?? variety by its higher pH, weight, dry matter (DM), soluble solid, citric acid, and catechin content. Major features which contribute to variation of the canopy position were β‐carotene, malic acid, catechin, ascorbic acid, soluble solid content, DM, malic acid, and neochlorogenic acid. Fruits located on the top of the tree were richer in phenolic compounds and exhibited higher degree of antioxidant activity measured by 2.2′‐azinobis[3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid] (ABTS) method than those located on the bottom of the tree. Except for chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, all other forms of phenolic compounds were higher in concentration in the fruits located on the top of the canopy especially for the Hac?halilo?lu variety.

Practical applications

The results of this study may be of interest for apricot breeders as it provides important information about cultivar specific canopy effect on fruit quality. Furthermore, the results can be used by apricot producers for canopy management and pruning strategies to create of homogenous microclimate in the fruit canopy which would limit quality variation.     

采后硅酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及品质的影响

研究了采后硅酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及品质的影响。结果表明:体外条件下不同浓度硅酸钠对黑斑病病原物Alternaria alternata的生长具有显著的抑制作用,其中以25mmol/L处理效果最好,抑菌率可达72.73%。50mmol/L硅酸钠浸泡可明显降低杏果损伤接种A.alternata的病斑直径,处理组病斑直径低于对照22%,且抑制效果可持续96h。50mmol/L硅酸钠处理还有效延缓了常温贮藏初期果实硬度的下降,维持了较高的可滴定酸和VC的含量,但对可溶性固形物含量无明显影响。由此表明,采后硅酸钠处理可通过直接抑菌和诱导果实抗性来控制杏果黑斑病,并在一定程度上维持果实的品质。     

The effect of impact and fruit properties on the bruising of peach

Peach fruit quality is adversely affected by bruise damage. In order to reduce this damage, it is necessary to know the influence of fruit properties on bruise susceptibility. Two bruise prediction models were constructed for the damage susceptibility of peach fruit (measured by bruise volume) using multiple linear regression analyses. In the first model, peak contact force and three fruit properties (acoustic stiffness, fruit temperature and radius of curvature) were used as independent variables. In the second model, peak contact force was replaced by the impact energy. Peaches were subjected to dynamic loading by means of a pendulum at three levels of impact. Significant effects of acoustic stiffness, temperature and the radius of curvature and some interactions on bruising were obtained at 5% probability level with the coefficient of determination of 0.97 and 0.98 for models 1 and 2, respectively. It was concluded that lowering the temperature and increasing the radius of curvature and acoustic stiffness will reduce the bruise damage of the peach fruit.     

壳寡糖对杏果实贮藏品质的影响

以新疆赛买提杏为原料,选用分子量5000u、浓度为1.00%、0.50%、0.25%的壳寡糖对杏果实进行减压渗透处理。处理后的杏果实放置在温度为4℃、相对湿度90%～95%的冷库中贮藏,定期测定杏果实的品质指标,研究壳寡糖处理对杏果实贮藏品质的影响。实验结果表明,浓度为0.50%的壳寡糖处理效果最好,可有效地保持杏果实的硬度和叶绿素的含量,延缓抗坏血酸和可滴定酸含量降低以及可溶性固形物含量的上升,降低杏果的呼吸强度,抑制杏果实的发病率。      

果梅果实浸提液抑菌活性的研究

比较"小叶猪肝"和"软条红梅"两个梅品种果实不同浸提液的抑菌活性,结果表明:梅果实浸提液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和猪链球菌三种待测细菌均有抑制作用,其中对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用强于猪链球菌;以不同的浸提剂浸提,采用正己烷作浸提剂时的浸提成分抑菌活性最强,丙酮次之;采用不同的浸提方法浸提抑菌活性差异不显著;两个品种的梅果实抑菌活性差异不显著。     

新疆不同品种杏酿酒性能的探讨

对新疆40个不同品种杏进行杏酒的发酵实验,通过对发酵过程中酒体的重量变化,发酵结束后杏酒的酒精度、残糖、干浸出物和总酸的测定以及感官评价,筛选出最佳的酿酒品种。结果表明:\     

Determination of the fruit content of apricot and strawberry jams and spreads and apricot and peach fruit preparations by gravimetric quantification of hemicellulose

An innovative method developed for fruit content determination based on the quantification of hemicellulose was applied to apricot and peach fruit preparations, apricot and strawberry jams and spreads. For this purpose, the hemicellulose fraction was isolated from the alcohol-insoluble residue from peaches, apricots, and strawberries, yielding the amount of the respective fresh fruit per gram hemicellulose. Fruit preparations from peaches with 34.4%, 47.2% and 66.4% fruit content were produced using pectin and carrageenan, xanthan or starch, respectively, as hydrocolloids. Jams from apricots and strawberries were prepared with pectin. Fruit contents of apricot jams were 34.1% and 48.2%, and 36.6% and 46.4% in strawberry jams, respectively. Furthermore, a range of commercial apricot spreads and jams and one strawberry spread as well as apricot and peach fruit preparations were examined. The fruit content was calculated based on the amount of hemicellulose. Calculated fruit contents were in good agreement with the respective product specifications (e.g. 62.6% vs. 66.4%, 35.2% vs. 34.1%, 67.5% vs. 70.0% and 54.0% vs. 53.7%, respectively) with deviations ranging between 0.3% and 4.2%. Maximal deviation was found only in the case of a self-made peach fruit preparation (40.9% vs. 34.4%), where interference of added hydrocolloids and fruit ingredients probably resulted in significant overestimation of the fruit content. Although sample preparation needed to be adapted to different fruit matrices, this novel method proved to be suitable for the determination of fruit contents of fruit preparations, spreads and jams. For the first time, this method was successfully applied to industrially manufactured fruit products without knowledge of fruit specification and the complex recipes of jams, spreads, and fruit preparations, respectively.     

外源水杨酸处理对采后杏果实抗冷性的影响

以新疆\     

Technical properties of branch-wood of apple, peach, pear, apricot and cherry fruit trees

and that of other species varied from 0.71 to 0.75 g/cm³. For the species examined, the mean cell dimensions ranged between 0.606–0.911 mm for fiber length, 0.250–0.404 mm for vessel length and between 0.033–0.046 mm for vessel width. The greater cell dimensions correspond to apple and the shorter to apricot trees. The dichloromethane soluble extractives were found to range between 2.02–3.71%, the hot water extractives between 12.10–15.99% and the total extractives between 13.08–16.67% (higher in cherry and lower in pear). Mean values of pH were found to vary from 4.73 to 5.68, acid equivalent from 0.0057 to 0.0084 ml/ml and alkaline equivalent from 0.0046 to 0.0081 ml/ml. The lower values of pH and the higher of acid equivalent correspond to cherry, while the higher acidity and alkaline equivalent correspond to pear.     

Developmental and ripening-related effects on the cell wall of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruit

Alcohol-insoluble residues (AIRs) were prepared from apricots at six stages during development/ripening on the tree. To investigate the changes in cell wall polymers, and in particular those affecting pectic polysaccharides, the AIR preparations were sequentially extracted with water, cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate (CDTA) and Na₂CO₃. A significant proportion of initially Na₂CO₃-soluble pectic polysaccharides became water- and CDTA-soluble during the ripening process. In terms of composition, a significant decrease in galactose and uronic acid content was detected in all the extractions, whereas the percentage of arabinose increased in both water and CDTA-soluble polymers but decreased in the Na₂CO₃-extracted polysaccharides. The ability of pectic polysaccharides to cross-link was diminished during ripening due to an overall increase in the concentration of Na⁺ or K⁺ associated with the AIRs. This was accompanied by a decrease in the amounts of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The decrease in pectic galactans and the inhibition of pectin cross-linking detected within the pectic backbone are probably linked to the softening process observed during apricot ripening. © 1998 SCI.     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对山杏仁蛋白凝胶特性的影响

为提高山杏仁蛋白的凝胶特性,采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG酶)作为交联剂,通过单因素实验研究了TG酶添加量、pH、交联温度、交联时间对蛋白凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚力的影响,并以凝胶强度为指标,利用响应面法对山杏蛋白形成条件进行优化。优化的TG酶交联山杏仁蛋白形成凝胶的条件如下:TG酶添加量17 U/g,交联温度43℃,pH为7.2,交联时间2.5 h时,此时凝胶硬度达到(135±7.14) g。结果表明利用TG酶交联山杏仁蛋白形成凝胶具有可行性,为提高山杏仁蛋白的功能性质和应用价值提供参考。     

Effect of deficit irrigation on apricot fruit quality at harvest and during storage

The effect of different irrigation strategies on the fruit quality at harvest and during storage at 1 °C of 'Búlida' apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) was studied. Irrigation treatments consisted of a control irrigated at 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) throughout the season, and two deficit irrigation treatments consisting of continuous irrigation at 50% of control, and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at 100% of ETc during the critical periods (second rapid fruit growth and early post‐harvest) and at 25% during the rest of the season. Fruits at harvest from both deficit irrigation treatments showed higher values of total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity and hue angle (h°) than control fruits, whereas their diameter, fresh weight, firmness and maturity index values were similar to those in the control. During the first 10 days of the 30‐day chilling storage period, higher TSS and h° values were found in deficit irrigated fruits, whilst the other parameters were similar for all treatments. Weight loss and fungal attacks (mainly Rhizopus sp. and Monilinia sp.) during a subsequent retail sale period of 4 days at 13 °C were the lowest in RDI. Deficit irrigation was demonstrated to be commercially advantageous for keeping fruit quality, saving considerable amounts of water. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Freezing protocol effect on quality properties of fruit tissue according to the fruit, the variety and the stage of maturity

Among the changes induced by freezing of fruits, it is still difficult to determine the major properties which are the most representative of quality variation. A range of characteristics (texture, color, soluble solids, water activity, water content, pH, titrable acidity) were determined before and after three different freezing protocols (at −20 °C in a cold chamber, at −80 °C in gas nitrogen convection chamber and after immersion in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C) for two fruit types (apple-Malus domestica Borkh- and mango - Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘KENT’-), two varieties of apples (Golden Delicious and Granny Smith) and two maturities of one variety (ripe and unripe Granny Smith). Freezing induced significant changes mostly in texture, color and soluble solids. Property variations due to freezing depended mainly on the type of fruit, to a lesser extent on the variety of apples studied and slightly on the maturity of Granny Smith apples. Among the freezing conditions tested, gas nitrogen convection at −80 °C appeared to be the best choice for limiting fruit quality degradation.     

Rapid and non-destructive analysis of apricot fruit quality using FT-near-infrared spectroscopy

A non-destructive optical method based on near-infrared spectroscopy has been used for the evaluation of apricot fruit quality. Diffuse reflectance measurements (800–2500 nm), physical, physiological and biochemical measurements were performed individually on 877 apricot fruits from eight contrasted cultivars harvested at different ripening stages. Relationships between spectral wavelengths and quality attributes were evaluated by application of chemometric techniques based on partial least squares (PLS) on fruit set divided randomly into two groups: 598 fruits for calibration and 279 for validation. Good prediction performance was obtained for soluble solids and titratable acidity with correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.89 respectively and root mean square errors of prediction of 0.98% Brix and 3.62 meq 100 g⁻¹ FW respectively. For the other quality traits such as firmness, ethylene, individual sugars and organic acids, the prediction models were not satisfactorily accurate due to the high error of calibration and prediction.     

Non-destructive assessment of apricot fruit quality by portable visible-near infrared spectroscopy

The ability of portable Near Infrared Spectroscopy to determine apricot fruit quality has been studied. Calibration models allowing the determination of soluble solids content (SSC), total acidity (TA) and firmness (Fi) of apricots were carried out with variable precisions. Models were built for each variety and global models combining different varieties were attempted. SSC was determined with a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) comprised between 0.67 and 1.1 °Brix and R-values between 0.88 and 0.96. Concerning Fi, the accuracy of the prediction was variety dependant. These predictions were correct for the varieties Kioto and Harostar with RMSECV-values between 6.2% and 13% (R-values between 0.85 and 0.92) and unsatisfactory for Bergarouge (RMSECV = 24%). TA was predicted with RMSECV-values between 0.79 and 2.61 g 100 ml⁻¹ and R-values between 0.73 and 0.97. In a second application, near infrared spectra were used to classify apricot fruits according to their variety and colour intensity with correct efficiency. The results obtained in the present study showed that NIRS technology could be applicable to apricot quality and that such portable devices could help to obtain a complete follow-up of the fruits in orchards and during post-harvest.     

杏汁挥发性成分分析及在卷烟加香中的应用

采用固相微萃取法提取杏汁中的挥发性香气物质,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪对提取物进行挥发性成分的分离和鉴定,确认了其中的60种成分,占总质量分数的92.08%,主要香气成分为酸类(32.60%)、醇类(18.45%)、醛类(18.10%)、酯类(13.95%)、酮类(2.84%)等.卷烟加香实验表明:杏汁提取物能赋予卷烟甜香、果香,提高卷烟香气的柔和性和圆润性,降低刺激性,掩盖杂气,改善口感,起到明显提升卷烟品质的作用;对不同的烟丝施加量应略有区别,一般控制在0.05%～0.1%范围内效果较佳.     

桃杏复合低醇果醋饮料的研制

以桃、杏为原料,采用液态深层发酵生产工艺,经酒精发酵和不完全醋酸发酵酿造出果香浓郁的复合低醇果醋,最后经调配制成营养保健型低醇果醋饮品.     

新疆十个主栽杏品种果浆品质及稳定性研究

为从新疆主栽杏品种中选择出适宜加工的优良品种,对杏原浆品质及稳定性进行探讨,选用了库车小白杏等10个新疆地区种植面积较大的主要栽培品种作为试材,分别在杏浆加工完成当天及室温贮存至第5、10、15、20、25、30、35天取样测定了总糖度、总酸度、Vc含量和褐化度(用波长420nm时OD值表示)等与加工性状相关的指标。参试品种35d内所测数据显示:糖含量呈缓慢下降趋势,平均损失率为12.41%;酸含量呈缓慢增加趋势,平均增加了9.35%;Vc含量呈明显下降趋势,平均损失率是80.76%,且下降趋势随时间的推移逐渐放缓;OD值呈缓慢上升的趋势,OD值平均增加了6.73%。通过聚类分析可将参试杏品种分成3类,其中第2类(大果胡安娜、阿哥亚格勒克、脆佳娜丽)平均糖含量最低为8.40%,平均含酸量最高0.912%,Vc平均含量最高0.427mg/100g,OD平均值最小0.319,是最适宜的杏浆加工品种。     

干燥方法对杏肉全粉品质及抗氧化活性的影响

采用微波干燥(MD)、热风干燥(HAD)、微波真空干燥(MVD)、微波对流干燥(MCD)4种干燥方法制备纯天然杏肉全粉,比较了干燥方法对杏肉全粉营养成分、物理特性、感官品质和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,干燥方法对杏肉全粉品质的影响显著(P0.05),MVD和MCD 2种方法干燥的杏肉全粉总糖和还原糖保留较好,并且MCD法干燥的产品总酚和VC损失最少,而HAD法对总酸的保留最好;MD法制备的产品吸湿性和结块度最低,MCD法制备的产品堆积密度和休止角最小,且获得的感官评价分值最高(95.2分);制备的杏肉全粉还原力及清除DPPH、超氧阴离子和羟自由基的能力呈显著的量效依赖性且存在显著差异,MVD法制备的产品对DPPH自由基清除能力最强,而MCD对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力最强,还原力也最大,分别为88.5%,85.1%,1.98。