Preservation of Microstructure in Peach and Mango during High-pressure-shift Freezing

A histological technique was used to evaluate modifications on the microstructure of peach and mango due to classical methods of freezing and those produced by high-pressure-shift freezing (HPSF). With the high-pressure-shift method, samples are cooled under pressure (200 MPa) to -20°C without ice formation, then pressure is released to atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). The high level of supercooling (approximately 20°C) leads to uniform and rapid ice nucleation throughout the volume of the specimen. This method maintained the original tissue structure to a great extent. Since problems associated with thermal gradients are minimized, high-pressure-shift freezing prevented quality losses due to freeze-cracking or large ice crystal presence.     

Changes in Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Flesh Quality Following Ultra‐High Pressure Treatment and 30 d of Chilled Storage

The approximately 1.5 million tons of salmon traded in 31 countries in 2008 provides clear evidence that salmon is a popular food source throughout the world. There are many methods for the preservation of salmon flesh, such as vacuum‐packaging, smoking, and freezing. Ultra‐high pressure (UHP) does not require heat, preserves the quality of salmon flesh, and allows for an increase in the chilled storage period. In this study, the quality of salmon flesh was assessed after exposure to UHP (200, 400, or 600 MPa compared with no UHP) and 30 d of storage at 4 °C. Salmon flesh quality analyses included the degree of changes in the interspacing of muscle bundles, color, texture profiles (hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and elasticity), and microbial growth. The use of UHP (>400 MPa) improved the color, hardness, and chewiness of the flesh. Study results suggested that the application of UHP (≥400 MPa) may be useful in preserving salmon flesh, and could be used by the salmon aquaculture and distribution industries.     

Effects of Freezing on Quality of Cold-smoked Salmon Based on the Measurements of Physiochemical Characteristics

ABSTRACT: How the quality of cold-smoked Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) is affected by freezing the raw fish as whole fish, as gutted fish, and as fillets before smoking, and by freezing the finished product after smoking was studied. Freezing before smoking resulted in increased product yield and water content, but softer texture and increased K-value. Freezing reduced the content of astaxanthin but increased the lightness and the color intensity of the flesh. Gaping increased when the fish was frozen as fillets before smoking. Freezing only after smoking led to fewer changes in quality than freezing before smoking, whereas refreezing the finished products had little additional effect on quality.     

Application of chemometrics to low-field 1H NMR relaxation data of intact fish flesh

The possibilities for application of low-field ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a rapid method for simultaneous assessment of basic quality parameters in fish were explored. In a first experiment, 200 salmon (Salmo salar) samples mapping the variation over an entire fish were measured by NMR and subsequently analysed for oil or water content by standard chemical methods. In a second experiment, 58 differently thawed cod (Gadus morhua) samples were measured by NMR and subsequently analysed for water-holding capacity. Correlations between chemical data and NMR data were evaluated using partial least squares (PLS) regression on complete relaxation curves and compared with conventional regression models on exponential fitting parameters. Predictions on an independent test set were superior for the PLS regression models, with optimal prediction errors of 12 g kg⁻¹, 6 g kg⁻¹ and 3.9% for oil and water content in fresh salmon flesh and water-holding capacity in thawed cod flesh respectively. Thus rapid, non-invasive low-field NMR can be used to simultaneously determine both oil and water content of fish flesh. Furthermore, it can predict water-holding capacity of cod flesh, with an R² of 0.9 over the range 30–90%, as determined by a centrifuge test. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dehydration of salmon (Atlantic salmon), beef,and apple (Granny Smith) using Refractance window™: Effect on diffusion behavior,texture, and color changes

The aim of this research was to study the use of Refractance window™ (RW™) in the dehydration of salmon (Atlantic salmon), beef (lean), and apples (Granny Smith) through the analysis of the effective diffusivity determined through the Fick's model and the anomalous model.Salmon, beef, and apple slices were dried at 55 and 95 °C, using either a conventional drying process or RW™. Water activity (a_w) was measured periodically by drying, and the effective diffusion (D_eff) was measured using Fick's second law and an anomalous model. Color changes (∆E) and firmness were also measured.The results showed that mass transfer in salmon and beef was not improved by RW™. In contrast, in apple slices dehydrated using RW™, the D_eff and processing times were significantly (p < 0.05) affected, reflecting a reduced drying time required to attain an a_w of 0.6.RW™ is a powerful tool that allows for the dehydration of fruit using temperatures of 95 °C and provides a 50% reduction in drying time.     

鲍鱼浸入式快速冷冻理论及实验验证

计算流体力学(CFD)可准确预测鲍鱼冷冻过程中的传热传质变化,鲍鱼冷冻过程中内部温度变化和冷冻所需时间的预测对品质研究具有重要意义。本文以鲍鱼为研究对象,研究鲍鱼的浸入式快速冷冻,基于计算流体力学建立鲍鱼的三维非稳态数值计算模型,选用冻结计算模式,建立鲍鱼热物性的多项式计算方法,提高鲍鱼冷冻过程的计算精度,利用CFD计算获得鲍鱼冷冻过程的温度分布状态,获得鲍鱼质量与冷冻时间的关系,并开展了实验验证,结果表明鲍鱼的数值计算结果是可信的,能够较为准确的预测鲍鱼快速冷冻过程中温度的变化与冷冻所需时间。     

Development of a Method to Produce Freeze-Dried Cubes from 3 Pacific Salmon Species

Abstract: Freeze-dried boneless skinless cubes of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon were prepared and physical properties evaluated. To minimize freeze-drying time, the kinetics of dehydration and processing yields were investigated. The physical characteristics of the final product including bulk density, shrinkage, hardness, color, and rehydration kinetics were determined. Results showed that freeze-dried salmon cubes from each of the 3 Pacific salmon species can be produced with a moisture content of less that 10% and a_w less 0.4 and freeze-drying time of 9 h. Processing yields ranged from 26% to 28.4%, depending on fish species. Shrinkage was less than 12% and rehydration of freeze-dried cubes was rapid. The value-added products developed have the potential to be utilized as ingredients for ready-to-eat soups, as snack food, salad topping, and baby finger-food. Practical Application: Freeze-drying removes water from food products without heating them; therefore, this type of drying process yields very high-quality dried foods. In this study, a freeze-dry process was established to produce small cubes of Alaska pink, sockeye, and chum salmon. The goals were to shorten typical freeze-drying time while producing acceptable product characteristics. The freeze-drying process developed took only 9 h to remove about 97% of the moisture of diced Pacific salmon fillets. The freeze-dried salmon cubes produced can be used as ingredients for dehydrated ready-to-eat soups, as baby finger-foods, or as salad toppings.     

Microstructure of high-pressure vs. atmospheric frozen starch gels

The aim of this study was to find out whether the ice crystal size of a starch gel, a model food system, could be reduced by high-pressure freezing compared with freezing at atmospheric pressure. The size and number of pores in thawed gels was determined by light microscopy and image analysis, and was taken as an indirect measure of ice crystals formed during the different freezing processes studied.The pore size and the total area occupied by the pores were clearly reduced by high-pressure freezing at 150–240 MPa compared with freezing at atmospheric pressure at the same cooling rate. The pore size in the high-pressure (nor in the atmospheric) frozen gels did not increase during a storage time of 3 months at − 24 °C (still air) at atmospheric pressure.Industrial relevanceHigh-pressure processing at subzero temperatures is not yet industrially applied. More evidence on the benefits of high-pressure freezing or thawing on the quality of real food materials as well as development of processing equipment is needed for commercialization of the processes. This study demonstrates that the pore size of frozen and thawed starch gels can be reduced by high-pressure freezing compared with freezing at atmospheric pressure. The reduced pore size was assumed to be a result of smaller ice crystals formed in the high-pressure freezing process. Based on this study, no conclusions can be drawn on the possibility of high-pressure freezing to improve the quality of real foods of a more complex composition and structure.     

Fatty acids from Macoma sp. of bivalve mollusc

Fatty acids of the total lipids of flesh and hepatopancreas of Macoma sp. have been determined. The level of 20:5w3 (ca 17%), a biologically important fatty acid, was found to be considerably high. Other major component fatty acids were 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 22:4w6. High levels of 22:5w6 (8%), 22:5w3 (8%) and 22:6w3 (ca 15%) were found in flesh lipid. Nonsaponifiables were also high (28–30%). Alkyl ether acyl glycerols were found in flesh (1.3%) and hepatopancreas (3.8%).     

ICE CRYSTAL FORMATION IN PRESSURE SHIFT FREEZING OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) AS COMPARED TO CLASSICAL FREEZING METHODS

Atlantic salmon were frozen either by pressure shift freezing (PSF) at 100 MPa (−8.4C), 150 MPa (−14C) and 200 MPa (−20C) or by conventional air freezing (CAF) at −30C and glycol/water bath freezing (GBF) at −20C. Temperature and phase transformations of fish were monitored during the freezing processes, and microstructures of ice crystals formed were evaluated for size, shape and location. The mean (± standard deviation) cross-section area of the ice crystals were: 11000 ± 7600, 280 ± 340, 260 ± 300, 63 ± 62, and 23 ± 22 μm² for salmon subjected to CAF, GBF and PSF at 100, 150 and 200 MPa, respectively, as compared with that of the muscle fibers (7200 ± 2500 μm²). The roundness of the fish muscle fibers was 0.67 ± 0.07, while the ice-crystal roundness were: 0.38 ± 0.14, 0.55 ± 0.21, 0.57 ± 0.18, 0.63 ± 0.14 and 0.71 ± 0.14 for the salmon, respectively. CAF created larger and irregular ice crystals, and resulted in irreversible damage to muscle tissues. Due to its higher freezing rate, GBF produced smaller ice crystals than CAF, but the cross-section area and roundness values had larger deviations. The PSF process produced large amounts of fine and regular intracellular ice crystals that were homogeneously distributed throughout the salmon. Microscopic images clearly     

Effect of high-pressure versus conventional thawing on color, drip loss and texture of Atlantic salmon frozen by different methods

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) samples were frozen by conventional air freezing, plate freezing and liquid nitrogen (LN) freezing, and subjected to different thawing treatments: water immersion thawing (WIT) (4°C and 20°C) and high-pressure thawing (HPT) at 100, 150 and 200 MPa with water (containing 2 g oil/100 g) as pressure medium at 20°C. Temperature and phase change behavior of fish samples were monitored during freezing and thawing. The phase change point of frozen salmon was lowered to −14°C, −19°C and −25°C for the HPT processes at 100, 150 and 200 MPa, respectively. These phase change temperatures were lower than for pure ice at the same pressures possibly due to the presence of solutes in salmon. The HPT times were 22.6±1.4, 18.1±1.4 and 17.0±1.3 min at 100, 150 and 200 MPa, respectively, as compared with 26.6±2.1 and 94.3±3.4 min for the WIT process at 20°C and 4°C, respectively. Employing pressures above 150 MPa caused noticeable color changes in salmon during the HPT process and the product texture was significantly modified during HPT at 200 MPa. Different freezing rates prior to thawing resulted in differences in drip loss in salmon samples, but they did not induce specific color and texture changes. A significant (P<0.05) reduction of drip loss by the HPT process was observed only for the LN frozen samples in which mechanical cracking occurred and much of the drip appeared after WIT process. Drip loss formed during pressure thawing seems to be a complicated process, for which further studies are needed.     

Rheological Behaviour,Freezing Curve,and Density of Coffee Solutions at Temperatures Close to Freezing

The physical properties of coffee solutions were determined for temperatures close to the freezing point. Rheological behaviour, freezing curve, density, and their relationship between coffee mass fraction and Brix degrees were determined for coffee mass fractions between 5 and 50% (wet basis) in the ?6 to 20°C temperature interval. Values of viscosity varied from 1.99 to 1037 mPa·s and values of density from 1000 to 1236 kg·m^?3. The freezing curve was generated using the undercooling method, giving values within freezing curves for food fluids. The results were used to generate mathematical models to predict viscosity, freezing point depression, and density as a function of coffee mass fraction and temperature.     

冰淇淋生产中的凝冻

阐述了冰淇淋凝冻过程及其对制冷的要求,凝冻时间和凝冻机的类型对产品质量的重要性,以及连续式凝冻机和间歇式凝冻机的凝冻过程.凝冻是冰淇淋制作中的一个重要工序,它对冰淇淋的质量、可口性和产率都有较大影响.凝冻过程的作用是冻结冰淇淋混合物中的部分水,并把空气混入混合物,最后指出如何控制冰淇淋的膨胀率.     

超声波辅助冷冻对面团中小麦淀粉理化特性及分子结构的影响

本研究在面团冷冻的全过程和最大冰晶生成带分别施加超声波,探讨超声辅助冷冻对面团中小麦淀粉理化特性与分子结构的影响。结果显示:与未超声的冷冻对照样品相比,在最大冰晶生成带和全过程施加超声分别使得面团中小麦淀粉的峰值粘度降低了8.6%和14.5%,谷值粘度降低了17.1%和13.7%,终值粘度升高了11.3%和-3.6%;在面团的最大冰晶生成带和全过程施加超声均在一定程度上改变了小麦淀粉体系的稠度系数和抗剪切能力,分别使得淀粉的稠度系数降低了19.0%和23.3%,剪切结构恢复力提高了4.0%和7.2%。与未超声的冷冻样品相比,经过超声处理的面团中小麦淀粉相对结晶度降低,并在一定程度上降低了淀粉分子的短程有序化结构。综上,超声场的施加细化了冰晶,减缓了冷冻过程对面团中小麦淀粉内部结构的破坏,比较两种超声过程可看出,在面团冷冻的全过程施加超声的效果优于在最大冰晶生成带施加超声。     

Characteristics of Color in Raw, Baked and Smoked Wild and Pen-Reared Atlantic Salmon

Color of wild, astaxanthin pigmented, and farmed, canthaxanthin pigmented, Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) was evaluated by spectroscopy and visual sensory analyses. A more yellow hue in farmed salmon color compared with wild salmon was found in acetone extracts of raw salmon flesh and by visual sensory analyses of raw, baked and smoked salmon flesh. With instrumental color analysis directly on raw flesh, no significant differences in color between wild and farmed salmon were found. The redness and hue in raw and baked salmon flesh and the redness in smoked salmon were correlated to the pigment concentration in raw salmon. The redness and hue in processed salmon were predictable from the redness and hue of raw flesh.     

Influence of the pressure shift freezing and thawing on the microstructure of largemouth bass

The objective of this study was to use a new self-cooling laboratory system for carrying out the pressure shift freezing (PSF) and evaluate the influence of PSF at 150 MPa on the microstructural properties of largemouth bass relative to liquid immersion freezing (LIF) and conventional air freezing (CAF). CAF, LIF and PSF showed average total freezing times of 176 ± 7.4, 65.3 ± 6.8 and 23.2 ± 3.1 min, and the cross sectional area of ice crystals in the muscle were 1002 ± 778, 501 ± 248 and 143 ± 50.6 μm², respectively, demonstrating a significant reduction in crystal size to be associated with PSF. It was observed that damage caused by the ice crystals during the freezing to the muscle microstructure was irreversible. The thawing and cooking losses of largemouth bass after the freezing were lower for PSF as compared to the other two freezing methods. PSF reduced the damage to myocytes and resulted in lower drip loss due to reduced microstructure disruption due to their small ice crystals, thereby maintaining the muscle tissue to better retain the fluids. Color and texture properties were less affected by PSF.Industrial relevanceFreezing is the most used preservation method for aquatic products. Rapid freezing results in better texture retention while the slow freezing damages the product texture because of the formation of extracellular large ice crystals developed during the freezing process. Thus, the nature of freezing affects the quality of frozen foods. Successful freezing processes aim at employing rapid freezing conditions which result in the formation of small ice crystals. Pressure shift freezing (PSF) is a novel technique with advantages of high degree of super-cooling, short phase transformation time, and results in very small ice crystals. This study makes use of a laboratory self-cooling system to carryout PSF of largemouth bass. This cooling system overcomes the limitation of previous studies on PSF which are expensive, limited to small size and impractical for commercial exploitations. The cooling system employed in this study can be easily adapted to large-scale production of PSF aquatic products. Test results provide a basis for the commercial exploitation of PSF for largemouth bass and such other aquatic foods for driving the quality advantage.     

Mass transfer kinetics of pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of guavas

The effects of vacuum pulse and solution concentration on mass transfer of osmotically dehydrated guava slices were studied. Kinetics of weight reduction (WR), water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and water activity (a_w) were obtained using sucrose solutions at 40, 50 and 60 °Brix and vacuum pulse of 100 mbar for 0, 10 and 15 min at the process beginning. Higher solution concentrations and the vacuum pulse application caused an increase on WL of osmotically dehydrated guavas and reduced the samples water activity. The SG was reduced by the increase on osmotic solution concentration and favored by vacuum application. Two different models of kinetics diffusion were tested to obtain diffusivity and to compare the accuracy of these models. The effective diffusivity estimated by the hydrodynamic model well reproduced the effects of process variables on mass transfer kinetics and showed a better agreement to the experimental data than the diffusional model.     

Proton spin–spin relaxation time of peel and flesh of navel orange varieties exposed to freezing temperature

Proton spin–spin relaxation times (T₂) of peel (albedo and flavedo) and juice sacs (flesh segments) of navel oranges were measured at 10 MHz using a Bruker Minispec PC 110 NMR spectrometer. The oranges were subjected to chilling (5 °C) and freezing (−7 °C) temperatures for 20 h and warmed to room temperature before peeling for T₂ measurements. The exposure to chilling or freezing temperature did not affect the T₂ values of peel, but freezing caused an appreciable decrease (∼15%) in the T₂ values of flesh segments of the varieties of navel oranges studied. When the peel was exposed to −20 °C, the T₂ showed a drastic reduction suggesting that the peel did not freeze at −7 °C. The possible cause of reduction in the T₂ values when exposed to freezing temperature may be damage to the juice sac membrane and leakage of juice out of the sac. The difference in the T₂ values between juice sacs of freeze-affected and normal oranges can potentially be used for detection of freeze-damaged fruits. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

水产品冻结贮藏中冰晶的形成及控制研究进展

冻结贮藏是目前水产品保藏的重要方式,最大程度地保留了水产品的新鲜程度。而冻结贮藏的过程中冰晶的生成会对水产品品质产生破坏,影响风味和质构。冻品再解冻又会导致大量汁液流失。本文对冰晶形成的机理进行探讨,分析影响冰晶生成的因素,并介绍目前控制水产品冰晶形成的一些方法。影响冰晶形成的因素有冻结速率、冻结温度、温度波动等,控制冰晶形成的方法有微冻、压力转移冻结等。