退火温度对超细晶工业纯钛组织和力学性能的影响

采用等通道转角挤压对工业纯钛进行加工,获得了超细晶工业纯钛,并对超细晶工业纯钛在不同温度下进行短时退火,研究了退火温度对超细晶工业纯钛组织和力学性能的影响,研究表明,超细晶工业纯钛经300～400℃低温短时退火后,晶粒尺寸没有明显增大,基面织构增强,强度得到提升,产生退火强化现象,且保持良好塑性。随着退火温度提高,超细晶工业纯钛晶粒发生明显长大,强度逐渐下降。     

超细晶纯钛微弧氧化表面润湿性和耐腐蚀性能研究

以纯钛为原料,经等通道转角大应变加工处理得到超细晶纯钛,采用微弧氧化法对纯钛和超细晶纯钛表面进行了改性处理,研究了改性处理对样品的表面形貌、润湿性和耐腐蚀性等的影响。实验发现微弧氧化处理后,虽纯钛及超细晶纯钛表面均形成多孔氧化膜层、接触角减小、表面粗糙度和表面能提高,但与纯钛相比,超细晶纯钛腐蚀速率与电流密度较纯钛的更小。因此,经微弧氧化法改性后,超细晶纯钛比纯钛更适合应用于医用植入物领域。     

超细晶纯钛的微动疲劳特性

利用自行设计的微动疲劳实验夹具装置研究超细晶纯钛在柱面-平面接触下的微动疲劳特性,分析循环应力对其微动疲劳寿命的影响,通过观察接触区磨损和断口形貌,分析其微动损伤机制。结果表明,当法向载荷不变时,超细晶纯钛的微动疲劳寿命随着循环应力的增加而减小,比常规疲劳寿命更小。微动疲劳裂纹于接触区边缘萌生,磨损区破裂严重且附着有磨粒,在磨粒磨损作用下加速了试样的疲劳失效。断口同时呈现出疲劳形貌和微动形貌,形貌从平滑转向粗糙直至断裂,裂纹由小变大,裂纹扩展速率也逐渐增加,且在裂纹扩展区存在二次裂纹;由于受力不均在裂纹扩展区与断裂区之间存在山脊状形貌。     

基于人工神经网络的超细晶纯钛热变形本构模型研究

对等通道转角挤压(ECAP)制备的超细晶纯钛,在温度为250~450 ℃、应变速率为10_-5~1s_-1的条件下进行热压缩实验。基于真应力和真应变实验数据,分别使用人工神经网络(ANN)和Arrhenius方程建立超细晶纯钛的热变形本构模型,研究其热变形行为。实验结果表明：在变形初期,流变应力随应变的增大而升高,随后趋于平缓,最终流变应力达到一个稳定值。人工神经网络训练和预测结果表明：人工神经网络最佳结构为3×12×1,人工神经网络模型预测的平均相对误差(AARE)为2.1%,相关系数(R)为0.9979,Arrhenius方程模型预测的AARE为11.54%,R为0.9464。即人工神经网络模型能够更加精确的描述超细晶纯钛的本构关系。通过对比不同温度下两种模型的误差,人工神经网络模型在高温条件下具有更好的稳定性。     

超细晶高强度纯钛的开发

日本丰桥技术科学大学的研究人员研究了通过控制母相的组织而不添加其他元素,即利用动态及静态再结晶机理,在以往的加工热处理方法的基础上,施加大应变,且为多向锻造（MDF）的晶粒细化方法。该方法适用于制备超细晶高强度纯钛（以下称为MDF纯钛）。     

超细晶纯钛阳极氧化表面性能研究

研究了常规纯钛和超细晶纯钛阳极氧化表面的形貌、膜-基结合力、抗腐蚀性能和微动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:与常规纯钛氧化表面相比,超细晶纯钛氧化表面具有更多纳米尺度孔穴,更高的膜-基结合力(后者是前者的2倍),更高的抗模拟体液电化学腐蚀性能(后者的腐蚀速率是前者的2/5),更低的摩擦系数(0.12:0.34)、更高的耐磨性。分析认为,以上性能变化是纯钛组织超细化提高其晶体缺陷(内能)所致。     

复合加工制备的超细晶工业纯钛室温蠕变行为研究

采用工业纯钛TA1经等径弯曲通道变形(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)+冷轧(Cold Rolling,CR)+旋锻(Swaging)的方法制得晶粒尺寸约为120nm的超细晶工业纯钛,通过单轴拉伸蠕变实验、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法,研究室温下超细晶工业纯钛蠕变变形行为及机理。结果表明:在实验应力范围内,超细晶工业纯钛存在明显的室温蠕变现象;随加载应力的升高(640～760 MPa),蠕变量增加,稳态蠕变速率增大(2.8×10~(-7)～1.5×10~(-4)s~(-1));在相同蠕变应力水平(0.8σ_s)下,超细晶工业纯钛稳态蠕变速率(2.8×10~(-7)s~(-1))低于粗晶工业纯钛(8.6×10~(-6)s~(-1)),抗蠕变性能优于粗晶工业纯钛;位错滑移机理是其主要蠕变变形机理,蠕变断裂机制为韧性断裂。     

退火温度对ECAP+CR制备的超细晶钛组织及性能影响

工业纯钛经105°模具1道次ECAP(equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)变形与冷轧(cold rolling,CR)复合变形获得超细晶钛,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、单向拉伸测试及显微硬度测试等方法,研究退火温度对ECAP+CR制备的超细晶钛组织及性能的影响。结果表明:超细晶钛平均晶粒尺寸约为130 nm,抗拉强度高达813 MPa;当试样的退火温度低于400℃时,组织内部无明显变化,强度、硬度下降缓慢,延伸率提高幅度不大;退火温度高于400℃时,晶粒尺寸逐渐长大,晶粒内部位错密度降低,强度、硬度快速下降;当退火温度达到500℃时,晶粒急剧长大,平均晶粒尺寸约为2μm。     

复合细化超细晶工业纯钛高周疲劳性能研究

室温下,超细晶工业纯钛光滑试样在加载频率f=25 Hz、应力比R=-1的条件下进行高周应力疲劳测试,拟合超细晶工业纯钛应力幅σ_a与疲劳断裂循环周次N_f之间的关系曲线,并对疲劳断口形貌进行观察分析。结果表明：200 ℃退火60 min超细晶工业纯钛的疲劳极限值σ_-1为376.5 MP,比未退火超细晶工业纯钛的疲劳极限值提高56.5 MPa。疲劳裂纹源萌生于超细晶工业纯钛的表面, 200 ℃退火60 min超细晶工业纯钛的疲劳辉纹间距较小,疲劳裂纹不易扩展,室温疲劳性能优良。     

Surface nanocrystallization of commercial pure titanium by shot peening

The surface nanostructures of commercial pure titanium was realized by the modified shot peening equipment commonly used in industry through the special treatment process. The results show that high-energy-shot-peening(HESP) commonly used to prepare nanostructured surface layers can be achieved by the increase of pill size, pill speed, and treatment time in the commercial shot peening equipment. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to characterize the surface layer microstructure of treated specimens. The analytic results show that the main deformation mode of commercial pure Ti is twinning. At the beginning of deformation, the dislocations are formed and twins occur within or on plane, then twins in intersection plane appear, and at last the twin characteristics disappear in the surface layer after longer treatment time. The deformation layer depth increases with treatment time in a certain period when the pill size and speed are unchanged. And in the severe plastic deformation (SPD) layer in which the twins are not identified easily by using SEM, the nanocrystalline microstructures are found under TEM. The finest grain size in the surface layer is about 40 nm, and the depth of nanostructured layers is over 60 μm. The microhardness of the nanostructured surface layers is enhanced significantly after shot peening compared with that of the initial simple.     

Effects of shot peening and laser remelting on oxygen-permeation treatment of titanium alloy

The influence of surface pre-treatments, shot-peening (SP) and laser remelting (LR), on oxygen permeation behaviors of titanium alloy TC11 was investigated. Optical microscope, SEM with EDAX, XRD, and microhardness tester were employed to characterize the microstructure, composition and hardness of this alloy. The results show that the surface roughness is increased by shot-peening, and the microstructure with fine-grain can be obtained by LR pre-treatment. The pre-treated samples were oxygen-permeated at (810± 10) ℃ for 10 h in atmospheric air. The outer layer consists essentially of TiO2, trace Ti2 N, Ti3Al and Ti3AlN for the SP pre-treatment and thin oxygen solution layer is found in the subsurface layer. As for LR pre-treatment, the outer layer consists mainly of TiO2 and small amounts of TiO, and the inner layer consists of alpha crystals, rich in interstitial atoms. Samples by LR pre-treatment has thicker hardened layer with higher hardness values in comparison with SP pre-treated ones.The boost diffusion of oxygen and hardening mechanisms were discussed based on the experimental results.     

TA15钛合金喷丸强化

为研究喷丸工艺对钛合金材料的强化效果,对TA15钛合金进行喷丸强化实验,并分别在手持式粗糙度仪和液压伺服疲劳试验机上测试了材料强化后的疲劳寿命及表面粗糙度。研究发现,喷丸强化能提高TA15钛合金的疲劳寿命,在弹丸S280、喷丸强度0.15mmA～0.2mmA条件下,可获得相对最好的疲劳性能。强化后的试样表面粗糙度与疲劳寿命的关系表明,较好的表面粗糙度可以获得较高的疲劳寿命,说明表面粗糙度是影响TA15钛合金材料疲劳寿命的因素之一。研究结果对TA15钛合金材料的喷丸强化工艺设计,具有指导作用。     

Surface nanostructures in commercial pure Ti induced by high energy shot peening

The high-energy shot peening (HESP) technique was used to obtain the surface nanocrystalline microstructure for a hcp metal titanium. XRD, SEM and TEM were applied to characterize the microstructure of the surface layer. Large amount of the deformation twins in the surface layer were observed by SEM in the specimens after HESP treatment in a shot-time, and the number of deformation twins both in a single plane and in intersecting planes increases with HESP time, until the twin character disappears completely in the top surface layer, which means that the severe plastic deformation(SPD) occurs on the surface. The XRD analysis results show that after HESP treatmen for 30 - 60 min the surface grain size decreases to nanoscale. According to the TEM images and corresponding diffraction patterns from SPD areas of the 120 min-treatment specimen, the measured grain size near the surface is about 20 - 30 nm. The grain size in deformation layer increases with the depth from the surface, and the nanostructured layer is about 20 μm in depth. Therefore, the surface nanocrystalline and a gradient microstructure from the surface to the matrix are obtained, which results in the micro-hardness decreasing from surface to the matrix gradually.     

喷丸对钛合金TC4磨削加工表面完整性的影响

对4种表面状态(磨削1,磨削2,磨削1+喷丸以及磨削2+喷丸)的钛合金TC4开展了表面完整性研究.测试了4种表面状态的粗糙度、残余应力和半高宽,并确定了室温疲劳极限.结果表明,磨削工艺对于钛合金TC4的半高宽和疲劳性能有较大影响,不同工艺磨削后X射线衍射峰半高宽分别为2.1.和2.5.,旋转弯曲疲劳极限分别为406 MPa和432 MPa;而喷丸后,由于表面强化层深度大于磨削影响层,残余压应力和加工硬化的作用大幅度提高了疲劳极限,并使不同加工状态的试样疲劳性能趋近一致(585 MPa和594 MPa),消除了由于磨削方法不同导致的表面完整性差别.     

喷丸对Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al钛合金拉-拉疲劳性能的影响

研究了高强度钛合金Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al表面喷丸强化所产生的表面形貌、表面粗糙度、表面残余应力和表面层残余压应力场变化及喷丸对其拉-拉疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:喷丸强化可使Ti-10V-2Fe-3A钛合金的表面粗糙度减小和表面层产生一定深度的残余压应力场,喷丸强化引起的表面完整性的改善显著提高了疲劳性能.疲劳试验结果证实了喷丸强化不仅可以显著延长高强度钛合金Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al的拉-拉高周疲劳寿命,而且可使1×107周次下的疲劳极限提高约30%,且表面喷丸强化后疲劳裂纹源由多个变为一个.     

GH742高温合金激光冲击强化和喷丸强化残余应力

对GH742高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,对比分析2种残余应力的差异和特征,并采用不同的退火温度进行退火,研究表面残余应力在高温下的稳定性。结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以在GH742高温合金表层引入残余压应力,但激光冲击强化试样比喷丸强化试样具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的稳定性,且残余压应力最大值在表面;与激光冲击强化的试样相比,喷丸强化试样的残余压应力较浅,而且随着喷丸强度的增加,最大残余压应力也由表面移向了次表面。     

喷丸处理对不锈钢表面影响的研究

从喷丸强化方法对不锈钢表面硬度、磁性能、残余应力等方面进行了剖析,并综述了喷丸参数对不锈钢材料性能的影响,揭示喷丸强化机制,分析了喷丸对不锈钢残余应力的影响。详细介绍了材料属性与硬度的关系,以及喷丸时间、丸料大小等因素对不锈钢表面性能的影响,并展望了喷丸在不锈钢表面处理的发展方向。     

超声冲击法对钛合金焊接接头疲劳性能的改善

利用自行研制的HJ-II型超声冲击装置, 研究了超声冲击处理对BT20钛合金焊接接头的疲劳性能的影响, 并对TIG焊与电子束焊接接头的焊态及冲击处理态进行了对比疲劳试验. 结果表明 超声冲击处理使BT20钛合金TIG焊接接头(拉伸载荷)的疲劳强度提高了27%, 寿命延长了3～10倍; 而电子束焊接接头的疲劳强度提高了38%, 寿命延长了29～40倍.     

Mo电极电火花强化与喷丸复合提高Ti合金微动疲劳抗力

采用Mo电极分别在空气和硅油中对Ti811钛合金表面进行电火花强化处理（ESS），探讨消除强化层中裂纹缺陷的途径。将ESS与喷丸强化复合，拟使Ti合金微动疲劳（FF）抗力得到显著改善。结果表明：Mo电极在空气中电火花强化处理Ti811钛合金表面后，强化层出现明显的微裂纹缺陷，由此导致其微动疲劳抗力降低。在硅油中用Mo电极电火花处理Ti811合金不仅消除了表面裂纹缺陷，而且使钛合金表面具有良好的减摩润滑作用，显著改善了钛合金基材的耐磨性能；再经喷丸强化处理，使钛合金基材的微动疲劳抗力显著提高。