广州能源所反渗透海水淡化装置有新进展

近日,中科院广州能源研究所海洋能实验室研制出用于反渗透海水淡化技术的新型能量回收装置,并制作出10t/d反渗透海水淡化装置样机,该样机由于安装了新型能量回收装置,能耗有很大降低。产出淡水总的能耗低于5kW.h/m~3(包括取水能耗),其中高压能耗为2.3～2.7kW.h/m~3。海水淡化作为淡水资源的替代与增量技术,对     

嵊泗建设全国最大海水淡化示范工程

浙江嵊泗已被国家科技部确定为全国最大的海水淡化示范工程建设基地 (40 0 0ｍ3 /ｄ) ,其一期工程 (10 0 0ｍ3 /ｄ)淡水反渗透海水淡化工程目前正在菜园镇东侧的小菜园码头附近加紧建设。据介绍 ,该工程是在成功开发建设嵊山 5 0 0ｍ3 /ｄ反渗透海水淡化工程基础上实施的。该工程全部采用我国自己的反渗透海水淡化技术和自行研制的反渗透海水淡化装置。该基地的建成可解决嵊泗紧张的淡水供需矛盾 ,促进海岛经济与社会的持续发展嵊泗建设全国最大海水淡化示范工程$浙江大学环境工程系@白晓慧     

石浦水厂二期改扩建工程的设计与运行

介绍了石浦水厂改扩建工程的特点和要求。改扩建工程实施后水厂处理规模从4.5×10~4m~3/d增加至9×10~4m~3/d,其中淡水处理规模为6×10~4m~3/d,苦咸水处理规模为3×10~4m~3/d。近期淡水和苦咸水出水勾兑均匀后供给用户,远期采用超滤、反渗透工艺对苦咸水进行深度处理。改扩建后水厂出水浊度从≤1.0 NTU提高至≤0.1 NTU,达到了浙江省现代化水厂的标准。     

海水淡化工程全球大规模应用发展趋势

淡水缺乏是全球近一半人口（约37.5亿人）目前普遍面临的问题,且事态还在进一步加剧。为解决缺水问题,沿海甚至近海城市对海水进行淡化已变得愈来愈普遍,工程应用水平正朝着大规模化方向发展,以至于中东地区已出现日产水量百万吨级淡化工厂。与远距离调水及污水深度处理回用相比,海水淡化最低生产成本目前已降至3元/m³以下,通常也不会超过5元/m³,这就逐渐改变了人们对海水淡化成本昂贵的传统认识。随着海水淡化主流技术——反渗透（RO）能耗的降低以及太阳能与风能等清洁能源的利用,海水淡化成本与其生态足迹必将大为减少;电-水联产也会使热蒸馏海水淡化法的成本显著降低。在介绍全球大型海水淡化工程应用基础上,总结海水淡化产水成本与其生态足迹,展望海水淡化作为不可或缺补充淡水资源的大规模应用前景。     

使用能量回收高压泵的小型海水淡化装置的研制

研制了一套适用于海岛、海上平台、船舶等特殊场所的小型海水淡化装置。该装置采用自主研发的一体式能量回收高压泵,同时优化了装置设计,在保证淡化装置具有较低能耗的前提下,大大缩小了占地空间。通过开展多工况性能试验,表明该装置运行稳定可靠,当一体泵转速在300 r/min时,淡化装置达到额定产水量8 m~3/d,一体泵的电耗3.5 kW·h/m~3。     

“大力发展海水利用、解决我国缺水问题”研讨会在北京召开

20 0 1年 12月 18日 ,中国高科技产业化研究会海洋分会在北京召开了“大力发展海水利用、解决我国缺水问题”的研讨会。中国原子能科学研究院李兆恒教授在“海水淡化可以从根本上全面解决我国天然淡水资源缺乏问题”的论文中 ,阐述了实现大规模海水淡化的蒸馏法、膜法和核能三大技术 ,其中重点介绍了采用低温、低压堆核能海水淡化技术。一座规模为 18× 10 8ｍ3 ａ的核能海水淡化装置 ,约需总投资 10 0亿元 ,淡化水成本为人民币 2～ 5元 ｍ3 。目前 ,国际上淡化水成本总的趋势是逐步下降的 ,1997年沙特的淡化水成本为 0 .5 3美元 ｍ3 ,2 …     

LNG冷能用于海水淡化技术研究与工程化设计

分析LNG冷能用于海水淡化技术的工艺,运用Aspen Plus软件模拟分析直接冷冻法和间接冷冻法,得出直接冷冻法海水淡化技术方案较优.对LNG冷能用于某海水淡化项目进行工程化设计,分析项目的工艺设计、关键设备、节能效益、操作弹性,得出LNG气化量为140 t/h,所需异丁烷质量流量为272 t/h,淡水产量为245 t/h,每年淡水的效益约为730×104元,节电效益可达1×108元,具有良好的操作弹性.     

电场作用下钙质砂盐度淡化机制探讨

礁砂岛的淡水资源稀缺问题越来越备受关注,降雨是其中来源之一。但降雨等作用形成的淡水透镜体不仅厚度较薄,而且所需年限较长。通过施加外电场力作用,用蒸馏水模拟降雨来研究促进礁砂岛淡化的能力。实验设置三组电压梯度,分别为0.833V/cm,1.667V/cm,2.5V/cm,并设置三组雨强大小,分别为0.0303ml/min/cm~2,0.0455ml/min/cm~2,0.0606ml/min/cm~2。结果表明在电场作用下,礁砂岛盐度的淡化程度比自然状态时高,当电场梯度为1.667V/cm、雨强为0.0606ml/min/cm~2时,淡化程度最大;阳极区域范围内的淡化能力比阴极区域范围更强;而当电压梯度为2.5V/cm、雨强为0.0606ml/min/cm~2时,中间点的淡化能力最强。     

海水淡化缓解水资源紧缺

中国是水资源大国,同时也是人均水资源贫国。中国水资源总量为28124亿m~3,居世界第6位,而人均水资源量仅为220m~3,处于缺水上下限(3000—1000m~3/人)之间,排在世界第100位之后,被联合国列为13个最贫水国之一。由于我国淡水资源分布不均,人口分布不均和社会经济发展不平衡等原因,造成部分地区淡水资源严重紧缺。全国有300多个城市缺水,50多个城市严重缺水,每年造成直接经济损失数千亿元。据有关部门估计,2000年全国城市年缺水量已达400亿m~3, 全国因缺水影响的国民产值达2400亿元人民币。     

海水淡化与直接利用产业发展研究

进行海水淡化和直接利用海水列沿海缺乏淡水资源的国家和地区具有重大的现实意义和深远的战略意义。目前,全球已有150多个国家和地区在开发及应用海水利用技术,并取得了良好的经济和社会效益。已建成海水淡化工程1．5万个,2011年全球海水淡化日均产量已达7500多万立方米。全球海水淡化工程总投资额达300多亿美元,并以每年20％-30％的速度增长,2015年,预计将达564亿美元,海水利用产业正迎来一个跨越式发展的契机。     

Vulnerability of coastal Connecticut to sea level rise: land inundation and impacts to residential property

Vulnerability indices at the global or national scales require considerable data aggregation where local economic and social impacts remain unnoticed. The goal of this study was to analyze the extent of inundated land from sea level rise and its economic impacts to residential property in coastal communities. Geographic data were integrated with economic and social data at parcel level resolution through GIS. Cumulative land inundation in seven coastal municipalities was calculated as 15 and 25?km², while direct economic costs to residential property was estimated to be $1.3 billion and $2.2 billion for 1 and 2?m sea level rise, respectively. Normalised results were $14?million/km coastline and $4?million/km combined coastline and rivers for 1?m sea level rise. Results indicate that while impacts will mainly occur along the coastline, inland parcels as far as 3?km from the coastline situated along rivers are equally at risk of flooding. While results of the study can be used to estimate economic impacts for other locations that share similar geographic characteristics and development patterns, land use types, proximity to water bodies, and property values are some factors that may lead to differences when these numbers are extrapolated elsewhere.     

Investigating the value of keeping options open for water infrastructure in the Lower Hunter,New South Wales

Policy discussions around the world have increasingly focused on the need for resilient water and wastewater systems. The use of small-scale, ‘incremental’, measures that maintain substitutability in investment choices can improve a system's adaptability. Using past shifts/shocks, we estimate an option value for unforeseen events that can change the yield-demand balance for potable supply. For a hypothetical dam, we find avoided costs ranging from $11.1 m to $78.1 m for amounts of extra time ranging from one to ten years; and for a permanent desalination plant, the avoided costs ranged from $33.6 m up to $234.7 m for the same amounts of extra time.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Effluent of a Sewage Treatment Station on the Eastern Red Sea Coast∶ Daily Cycle,Flux and Impact on the Coastal Area

The Al Khumra Sewage Treatment Station discharges daily more than 100,000 m 3 of treated and untreated sewage into the coastal Red Sea south of Jeddah. In the effluent water, ${\rm NH}_4^+-{\rm N}$     

中低强度混凝土低成本高性能化的研究

中低强度混凝土C20-C50高性能化和生产成本是目前混凝土行业急需解决的关键问题。通过研究,指出粉煤灰、矿粉复掺代替普通硅酸盐水泥40％～60％,能够有效改善混凝土工作、耐久性能,同时生产成本降低6-7元／m^3。     

珊瑚砂动剪切模量预测的应变-损伤状态耦合模型

对南海饱和珊瑚砂进行了4类不同加载模式的不排水动三轴试验,研究了不同相对密度Dr和平均有效围压σ'0下加载第一周的动剪切模量比G1st/G0与剪应变幅值γa的关系,G1st/G0受Dr的影响很小,随σ'0的增大而增大。由于分级加载过程中土体结构与相对密度发生改变,在γa3×10-4时,应变控制的分级循环加载获得的G1st/G0-γa曲线位于等应变幅值循环加载获得的G1st/G0-γa曲线的上方。结合两类试验结果,给出了饱和珊瑚砂的G1st/G0-γa模型。基于弹性应变能理论,提出了可以描述土体损伤状态的状态参数Pd(damage parameter),探究了不同加载模式下动剪切模量比G/G0随土体损伤状态参数Pd的发展规律。在双对数坐标中,同一应变幅值下的(1-G/G0)-Pd可用直线表示,其斜率与应变幅值γa和历史加载过程中的最大应变幅值γa,max有关。结合G1st/G0-γa和G/G0-Pd关系,给出了可以同时反映应变幅值和破坏状态影响的珊瑚砂动剪切模量预测模型。     

基于等效骨架孔隙比指标的饱和砂类土抗液化强度评价

为探讨各类饱和砂类土的物理特性对其抗液化强度CRR的影响,将具有不同细粒含量FC的福建、南京和南通砂类土分为3组:(1)相同的相对密度Dr;(2)相同的孔隙比e;(3)相同的骨架孔隙比esk。对具有不同物理特性的三类饱和砂类土进行了一系列均等固结不排水循环三轴试验,结果表明:e或Dr相同的饱和砂类土的CRR随FC的增加而降低;但esk相同的砂类土的CRR随FC的增加而增大。结合文献中十类砂类土的CRR试验数据,分析表明:各类饱和砂类土的CRR随其等效骨架孔隙比*ske的增大而单调地降低,且两者呈现较好的幂函数关系。这表明能综合反映砂类土颗粒组成,密实状态和粗细粒接触状态的*ske是表征饱和砂类土CRR的一个有效物理特性指标;并首次发现饱和砂类土的CRR–*ske关系曲线的最佳拟合参数A和B值由砂粒和细粒的物理特性共同决定。据此,饱和砂类土的CRR可仅由其物理特性指标较好地预测。     

Radiant Ignition of Polyurethane Foam: The Effect of Sample Size

Although smouldering ignition of upholstery items remains a leading cause of residential fire deaths, relatively little research is conducted on the topic. An experimental investigation of the effect of sample size on the ignition and spread of smouldering and flaming in polyurethane foam under natural flow conditions is reported here. Polyurethane foam samples are used because this is a common material in modern, residential environments and one for which there exists significant quantities of previous experimental data in the literature. Samples of different square cross-section size and a fixed height of 150 mm are insulated on all sides except the top which is exposed to a radiant heat flux and is open to the air. Samples with side lengths of 50 mm, 100 mm, and 140 mm are studied. Ignition and spread dynamics are diagnosed using thirteen thermocouples located along the vertical centre line. The onset of smouldering ignition (13  $\hbox{kW}\, \hbox{m}^{-2}$ , 8  $\hbox{kW}\, \hbox{m}^{-2}$ and $7\,\hbox{kW}\, \hbox{m}^{-2}$ for 50 mm, 100 mm and 140 mm sample sizes respectively) is observed at significantly lower heat fluxes that flaming (45  $\hbox{kW}\,\hbox{m}^{-2}$ , 32  $\hbox{kW}\,\hbox{m}^{-2}$ and $30\,\hbox{kW}\,\hbox{m}^{-2}$ respectively). Critical heat fluxes for smouldering and flaming ignition increase with decreasing sample size, with smouldering ignition being significantly more sensitive to sample size than flaming ignition under the size range studied. Smouldering spread rates are measured in the range from 3  $\hbox{mm}\, \hbox{min}^{-1}$ to $25\,\hbox{mm}\, \hbox{min}^{-1}$ and found to be a strong function of the heat flux and depth of the smoulder front. The effect of sample size on smouldering has been theoretically proposed before but this is the first time that this effect has been demonstrated experimentally for ignition. The fact that large samples result in the lowest critical heat flux could have implications for testing procedures and translation of results from small-scale testing to real-scale in the built environment.     

福建省龙岩盆地地下水资源评价及水资源供需平衡分析

本文在阐述龙岩盆地水文地质条件特征的基础上,依据已有的地下水长观资料,对龙岩盆地的地下水资源量进行评价,认为允许开采量约为27.9万m3/d,扣除岩溶地下热水允许开采量1.73万m3/d,实为26.2万m3/d;因此,在局部区域尚有8万m3/d的开采潜力。但根据全市近期和中长期的水资源供需平衡分析结果,到2010年时,岩溶地下水资源将不能满足全市的用水要求,必须另找出路。     

Investigation of BTEX removal efficiency using the electrolytic oxidation and Fenton’s reaction

The removal of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) using the electrolytic oxidation or Fenton’s reaction has been studied. The value of current and pH value were shown to produce a significant effect on electrolytic oxidation of BTEX. More than 95% of BTEX could be removed at 500 mA current within 8 hours. In the case of Fenton’s reaction it was established that more than 95% of BTEX could be removed at pH 4 with an addition of hydrogen peroxide in the amount of 12 mg/dm³. The treatment cost based on electrolytic oxidation amounted to between $0.04 and $5.1 USD/m³. For Fenton’s reaction, the treatment cost was between $0.16 and $0.65/m³. The costs of electrolytic oxidation and Fenton’s reaction were similar to the cost of electrodialysis and cheaper than the freeze–thaw and evaporation; however, these costs were higher than for air flotation and the use of anoxic/aerobic granular activated carbon.     

福安市城区第二水厂工艺设计特点

福安市城区第二水厂设计规模 1 0万 m3 / d,分二期建设 ,一期工程规模 5万 m3 / d,文中介绍了水厂的净水工艺流程、各净水构筑物的主要参数、设备配置等