汽车顶板拉深成形回弹分析及补偿的研究

针对汽车覆盖件拉深成形过程中存在回弹缺陷,以有限元分析软件Dynaform为平台,对某汽车顶板进行回弹分析与补偿的研究,解决该零件在成形过程中的回弹缺陷。通过利用回弹补偿法对模具结构进行4次有效迭代补偿修正,并运用Dynaform软件对优化的模具结构进行有效性验证,成形零件的最大正向回弹量从19.048 mm下降至1.052 mm,降低了94.477%;最大反向回弹量从-8.598 mm下降至-2.172 mm,降低了74.738%。通过研究发现,采用此方法可以控制大型冲压件的回弹量,但随着回弹补偿次数的增加会使模具结构出现过度补偿现象,导致回弹量增加。     

3D复杂形状板料冲压成形回弹误差补偿方法及其实验验证

针对冲压件回弹误差,建立了3D复杂形状板料冲压成形精度闭环控制系统。以回弹误差为控制目标,以线性闭环控制系统、空间Fourier变换和频域传递函数为理论基础,基于模具实验迭代,建立了模具回弹误差补偿修正算法。该算法接收模具和冲压件的激光扫描测量数据,输出模具型面修正后离散数据。利用提出的频域模具修正算法对回弹现象较为严重的弯曲和浅拉深过程,进行了回弹误差补偿的有效性验证。实验结果表明,该算法可以较好地控制板料冲压成形回弹误差,具有工程使用价值。     

JSTAMP／NV在B400／780DP钢板零件中的回弹分析

回弹是板料冲压成形后存在的一种普遍现象,其产生机理是模具卸载后零件所产生的反向弹性变形。零件的最后回弹量是其整个成形过程的累积效应,最终形状取决于成形后的回弹量,回弹的存在使零件尺寸精度降低,从而增加了试模、修模工作量。随着汽车和航空工业的发展．为了减轻质量．节约能源．提高安全性,大量使用高强度金属薄板。与此同时,对薄板壳类零件成形精度的要求越来越高,因此如何控制零件的回弹已成为目前工业领域普遍关注的热点。通过有限元仿真在零件试模前对零件成形后出现的回弹量进行预测,并在模具的设计过程中对回弹进行补偿．对提高冲压件的产品质量及生产效率具有重要意义,其关键是如何获取用于指导模具设计的高精度回弹预测值。     

基于Dynaform的汽车顶盖冲压成形回弹模拟及回弹补偿

回弹直接影响冲压件成形质量与尺寸精度,运用CAE分析软件Dynaform对某轿车顶盖的冲压成形及回弹进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明,拉延筋的设置对汽车顶盖成形质量有重要的影响,通过设置变拉延筋,使回弹最严重的区域回弹量减少了40.73%。利用SCP下的回弹补偿功能对该顶盖进行了三次回弹补偿优化,通过补偿后偏差比较发现,回弹量有效地控制在2 mm以内;回弹问题得到进一步控制,获得了较理想的成形结果,并通过实际试模验证了其准确性及实用性,缩短了模具开发周期。     

基于CAE的DP600高强钢零件回弹特征分析及控制

回弹是高强钢板冲压成形中影响冲压件尺寸精度和形状精度的关键因素。针对采用DP600高强钢的北京奔驰某车型的横梁减震器后桥零件,开展了零件成形、切边、回弹的全工艺流程CAE仿真分析,获得了零件的回弹特征;针对宝钢材料的性能范围获得了回弹的波动范围,并通过模具补偿的方案进行回弹控制,试验测量结果表明其形状精度得到了明显改善。     

基于数值模拟的板料冲压成形回弹补偿方法

板料冲压中的回弹误差可以通过修正模具形状得到解决。基于冲压及回弹数值模拟,以控制系统、傅立叶变换及传递函数为理论基础,提出了一种模具回弹补偿的修正算法并开发了springbackcom系统。该方法通过两组小量变化的模具及其数值模拟得到回弹前后冲压件,建立模具形状传递函数,修正模具形状。利用此方法对某车引擎盖冲压过程进行了数值模拟及回弹补偿的实例验证,分析结果证明此回弹补偿方法是有效的,具有工程实用价值。     

铝合金汽车发动机罩内板成形性能研究

以铝合金汽车发动机罩内板为对象,在初始型面结构的基础上,结合有限元分析,针对其出现的成形缺陷进行多轮优化,改善其成形性能,同时探究了压边力和模具间隙等工艺参数对零件减薄率和回弹的影响。结果表明,在较小的压边力和较大的模具间隙下板料的减薄较小;在一定范围内,随着压边力的增大,零件的整体回弹得到抑制但变化不明显,而局部的负向回弹有所增加,模具间隙的减小也有利于减小回弹。在优化型面结构的基础上对其进行回弹补偿并配合工艺参数的调整,可有效减小零件的回弹。在仿真优化结果的基础上进行铝合金发动机罩内板的冲压试验,试验件与仿真优化结果具有较好的一致性。     

铝合金板材冲压成形的模具回弹补偿

针对5052铝合金板冲压成形,采用数值模拟技术,基于Dynaform软件的回弹补偿功能,对其进行了成形、回弹和回弹补偿全流程模拟。仅经过一次补偿,回弹后零件几何形状与设计零件尺寸的偏差绝对值由补偿前的8.08mm减小至补偿后的1.71mm,偏差值减小量达到78.8%,回弹补偿效果明显。基于回弹补偿后的模具型面设计加工模具,验证了此回弹补偿方法的可行性。     

汽车冲压件工艺参数优化及回弹控制

针对汽车冲压件的回弹问题,研究了某汽车后地板零件的回弹控制问题。首先借助数值模拟软件Auto Form建立汽车后地板零件冲压成形的全流程的有限元模型,然后采用工艺参数优化和回弹补偿相结合来共同控制该零件的回弹。工艺参数优化借助了Auto Form的西格玛优化模块,优化目标为最小回弹量,优化得到最优组的压边力为798 k N,摩擦系数为0.14。然后采用回弹补偿策略对拉延工序的模具进行回弹补偿,当回弹补偿循环迭代2次后,零件的回弹满足尺寸公差要求。最后进行了模具加工和试模验证。实验结果表明将工艺参数优化和回弹补偿相结合的方法能够有效地控制冲压零件的回弹。     

轿车后轮罩内板成形工艺与模具开发

通过对轿车后轮罩内板的冲压工艺进行分析,并对比分析了现生产工艺与原生产工艺的差异,得出该轮罩适合采用左右件共模生产。用材料成形分析软件Auto Form对轮罩拉深工艺进行成形性分析,对模具结构进行设计与调试,总结出类似零件的开发要点,避免轮罩类冲压成形过程中的回弹、开裂和起皱等问题。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。