基于GPU加速的3D矢量场改进VolumeLIC绘制技术

纹理绘制技术通过纹理线条和颜色变化能够细致且生动地表现2D矢量场的速度、方向以及数据相关性等特征信息,但扩展到3D矢量场空间时,由于3D矢量场本身的空间特性容易造成纹理单元之间产生严重的视线遮挡问题,影响研究人员对矢量场内部固有属性特征的观察和分析.针对此问题,提出一种基于GPU加速实现的稀疏噪声纹理生成的改进3D矢量场Volume LIC绘制技术.在噪声生成部分,基于泊松盘分布以避免噪声点间的相互遮挡,采用Hilbert空间填充线遍历减少生成噪声点的规律性和人工痕迹,并通过高斯滤波核滤除高频区域生成稀疏高斯噪声.整个算法采用GPU+GLSL硬件加速机制,在噪声纹理采样时,利用GPU顶点颜色线性插值功能和片元计算方法有效地加速LIC纹理生成过程,并将卷积噪声和矢量场数据作为纹理传入GPU;采用光线投射算法实现LIC纹理的3D绘制显示,并通过光线提前终止技术和空白空间跳跃技术有效提升绘制效率;同时提供多种有效的交互分析手段查看流场内部特征.实验结果表明,该方法生成的3D纹理图像清晰、绘制效率高,能够有效地缓解3D复杂矢量场卷积数据过多引起的遮挡与混乱现象,具备良好的可视化效果.     

基于信息熵的流场定向线积分卷积算法

流场可视化是对流场数据进行直观分析的一种新的可视化技术,而定向线积分卷积（OLIC）算法作为一种经典的纹理可视化方法,使用该算法能明显地观察出流场方向流动的演化。为了优化可视化效果,提出了一种基于信息熵的OLIC算法。首先,基于流场矢量数据生成基于信息熵的稀疏噪声;然后,采用斜坡卷积核函数对输入纹理进行卷积计算;最后,通过计算输出纹理图像中每一个像素点的灰度值,得到最终的OLIC纹理图像。所提算法可以根据熵值在临界点区域和非临界点区域自适应地生成流线。其中临界点区域含有流场的重要信息,选择密集绘制;而在非临界点区域则选择稀疏绘制。通过在不同区域绘制不同密度的流线,所提算法节省了计算成本;与普通OLIC算法相比,所提算法的绘制速度至少提升了18.6%;在可视化效果方面,所提算法优于普通的全局绘制,使用所提算法能更仔细地观察特征区域。     

绘制内容指导的铅笔画风格实现

为了让铅笔画纹理的色调更接近画家的绘制效果,提出一种内容指导的铅笔画色调生成算法,以改进铅笔画纹理的生成效果.首先对大量绘制内容不同的铅笔画分类后进行色调直方图统计,拟合出适合每种类别的直方图曲线,并对输入图像用与之同类别的直方图曲线进行色调匹配,得到对应的铅笔画色调图;然后用与输入图像大小相同的随机噪声图为基底,对噪声图的每个像素进行不同次数的迭代相乘后产生与色调图匹配且分布一致的噪声场;最后对输入图像进行区域分割,在与分割区域对应的噪声场中用LIC算法生成卷积长度及卷积方向不同的铅笔纹理图,实现分区域不同方向的铅笔纹理的绘制.实验结果表明,由于采用内容指导的分类绘制,该算法生成的铅笔画在色调上更加贴近真实画家绘制的铅笔画,且纹理形式多样,整体效果较好.     

基于微分的增强型三维矢量场可视化

为提高3D矢量场可视化效果,提出了一种基于微分滤波的流线增强方法。首先对三维纹理进行线性卷积运算,生成具有空间相关性的卷积纹理;其次对卷积纹理进行分数阶微分滤波,增强流线之间强度对比;最后采用纹理映射体绘制技术实现三维矢量场可视化,并通过设计体绘制的传输函数来显示矢量场的内部结构。实验结果表明,该方法有效地增强了流线间的对比,使绘制的流线更加平滑,同时也有效地消除了卷积数据过多引起的紊乱与相互遮挡。     

带材质的GPU加速体绘制算法

在体绘制过程中,为了给物质表面加入材质(光照和纹理)来提高结果的可读性,提出一种带材质的体绘制算法.通过引入2D球面光照贴图,用纹理映射替代了GPU中复杂的光照模型计算;利用物质表面单位法向量索引球面光照贴图中对应点的颜色信息,从而给物体表面赋予各种材质属性;并结合基于3D纹理的GPU光线投射算法完成绘制.实验结果表明,该算法简单易行,在增强可视化效果的同时使得绘制的效率也得到提升.     

非真实感铅笔画艺术效果研究

改进了非真实感铅笔画艺术效果的绘制算法,利用图像分割、线积分卷积技术确定线条纹理的方向,模拟得到局部区域铅笔画的笔划纹理。采用轮廓线增强、灰度色调控制最终铅笔画艺术效果的边缘信息和灰度色调。通过色彩传输技术得到具有彩色铅笔画的艺术效果。     

一种铅笔滤镜生成算法及其在GPU上的实现

提出了一种基于卷积算子的铅笔滤镜生成算法,通过分析真实铅笔纹理的结构特征,抽象出铅笔笔画的简单数学模型.根据该模型可以方便地确定其对应的笔刷模板(卷积算子),进而获得用户所需要的铅笔纹理.本文将该算法与图形处理单元(GPu)相结合,借助于GPU的硬件加速功能成功地实现了对视频图像的实时铅笔画风格绘制.     

3D非均匀直线网格GPU体绘制方法研究

计算机图形硬件技术的快速发展可以用来加速可视化过程,为此针对非均匀直线网格,给出了基于均匀辅助网格的CPU光线投射算法、基于辅助纹理的GPU光线投射算法,以及基于切片的3D纹理体绘制算法,并在Nvidia Geforce 6800GT图形卡上对这些算法进行了测试。结果表明,GPU算法远远快于CPU算法,而基于切片的3D纹理体绘制算法则快于GPU光线投射算法。     

增强纹理平流算法研究

当以纹理方式可视化三维矢量场时,纹理卷积会降低矢量纹理脉的对比度,容易出现平流纹理细节模糊与粗糙的问题,为此提出一种增强纹理平流算法.首先通过自定义球体半径确定任一噪声点的邻近点,利用当前噪声点与邻近点间的位置关系计算噪声伪梯度,以测试矢量场局部区域内的变化趋势,选取伪梯度的最大下降幅度参与纹理平流;然后根据任一平流位置处的噪声值对最终输出纹理的贡献度自适应调整噪声权重;最后引入盒型滤波递归合成平滑算子进行纹理卷积来生成矢量体纹理.算法的有效性根据可视化对比度的量化分析函数进行客观评价.实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地增加纹理平流踪迹间强度对比,改善绘制效果,高质量地显示三维矢量场的纹理分布.     

基于纹理映射与Phong光照模型的体绘制加速算法

为了提高体绘制速度，提出了一种基于纹理映射、具有Phong光照效果的体绘制加速算法．该算法是根据Phong光照模型，利用一单位球面体来仿真相同光照绘制条件下的每一个体素的反射光强，首先形成一个以法线矢量为索引值的反射光强查寻表，再应用窗值变换的加速算法来计算体素的不透明度；然后采用纹理映射的方法将体素光强值与由不透明度组成的3D数据集从物体空间投射到观察空间，再沿视方向融合为3D图象．实验表明，这种3D旋转的明暗修正保证了体绘制中3D旋转几何变换的多视角观察的交互速度．由于该算法综合了体绘制软件算法数据处理与纹理映射硬件加速的优点，并用2D纹理映射与融合的方法实现了体数据的3D重建，因而不仅降低了对计算机硬件与软件环境的要求，而且在目前通用个人计算机上即可获得近似实时的交互绘制速度和良好的3D图象品质．据研究，该算法同样适用于3D纹理映射的体绘制方法．     

Output-sensitive 3D line integral convolution

We propose an output-sensitive visualization method for 3D line integral convolution (LIC) whose rendering speed is largely independent of the data set size and mostly governed by the complexity of the output on the image plane. Our approach of view-dependent visualization tightly links the LIC generation with the volume rendering of the LIC result in order to avoid the computation of unnecessary LIC points: early-ray termination and empty-space leaping techniques are used to skip the computation of the LIC integral in a lazy-evaluation approach; both ray casting and texture slicing can be used as volume-rendering techniques. The input noise is modeled in object space to allow for temporal coherence under object and camera motion. Different noise models are discussed, covering dense representations based on filtered white noise all the way to sparse representations similar to oriented LIC. Aliasing artifacts are avoided by frequency control over the 3D noise and by employing a 3D variant of MIPmapping. A range of illumination models is applied to the LIC streamlines: different codimension-2 lighting models and a novel gradient-based illumination model that relies on precomputed gradients and does not require any direct calculation of gradients after the LIC integral is evaluated. We discuss the issue of proper sampling of the LIC and volume-rendering integrals by employing a frequency-space analysis of the noise model and the precomputed gradients. Finally, we demonstrate that our visualization approach lends itself to a fast graphics processing unit (GPU) implementation that supports both steady and unsteady flow. Therefore, this 3D LIC method allows users to interactively explore 3D flow by means of high-quality, view-dependent, and adaptive LIC volume visualization. Applications to flow visualization in combination with feature extraction and focus-and-context visualization are described, a comparison to previous methods is provided, and a detailed performance analysis is included.     

Efficient level of detail for texture‐based flow visualization

In this paper, we present an efficient level of detail algorithm for texture‐based flow visualization. Our goal is to enhance visual perception and performance and generate smooth animation. To achieve our goal, we first model an adaptive input texture taking into account flow patterns to output view‐dependent high‐quality images. Then, we compute field lines only from sparse sampling points of the input noise texture for outputting volume line integral convolution textures and skip empty space utilizing two quantized binary histograms. To improve image quality, we implement anti‐aliasing through adjusting the line integral convolution step size and thickness of trajectory lines with an opacity function. We further extend our solution to unsteady flow. Flow structures and evolution are clearly shown through smooth animation achieved with coherent evolution of particles, handling of discontinuous flow lines, and spatio‐temporal linear constraint of the underlying noise volume. In the result section, we show high‐quality level of detail of three‐dimensional texture‐based flow visualization with high performance. We also demonstrate that our algorithm can achieve smooth evolution for unsteady flow with spatio‐temporal coherence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactive volume rendering of large sparse data sets using adaptive mesh refinement hierarchies

In this paper, we present an algorithm that accelerates 3D texture-based volume rendering of large, sparse data sets, i.e., data sets where only a traction of the voxels contain relevant information. In texture-based approaches, the rendering performance is affected by the fill-rate, the size of texture memory, and the texture I/O bandwidth. For sparse data, these limitations can be circumvented by restricting most of the rendering work to the relevant parts of the volume. In order to efficiently enclose the corresponding regions with axis-aligned boxes, we employ a hierarchical data structure, known as an AMR (adaptive mesh refinement) tree. The hierarchy is generated utilizing a clustering algorithm. A good balance is thereby achieved between the size of the enclosed volume, i.e., the amount to render in graphics hardware and the number of axis-aligned regions, i.e., the number of texture coordinates to compute in software. The waste of texture memory by the power-of-two restriction is minimized by a 3D packing algorithm which arranges texture bricks economically in memory. Compared to an octree approach, the rendering performance is significantly increased and less parameter tuning is necessary.     

基于体平滑的体绘制纹理伪边界消除算法

直接体绘制能够清楚的显示三维数据场的内部信息,是科学可视化中非常重要的一类方法。其中,基于二维纹理映射的三维数据直接体绘制方法具有绘制速度快、可交互性强的优点。其基本思路是将三维数据体在时间或深度方向形成一组水平纹理切片,通过这些切片的纹理贴图,实现三维数据体的体绘制,在交互性和资源消耗之间取得了较好的平衡。本文针对基于二维纹理映射的直接体绘制方法中在透明与不透明边界产生阶梯状条纹的伪边界问题,提出了一种基于体平滑的算法。该算法通过在透明数据与不透明数据的边界进行体平滑,使采样过程中缺失的数据表现到抽样的切片上,从而在最终图像生成阶段淡化甚至消除阶梯状条纹伪边界。实验结果表明,相对于传统二维纹理映射方法,本算法实现体绘制效果平滑,提高了绘制效果。     

Visualization of vector fields using seed LIC and volume rendering

Line integral convolution (LIC) is a powerful texture-based technique for visualizing vector fields. Due to the high computational expense of generating 3D textures and the difficulties of effectively displaying the result, LIC has most commonly been used to depict vector fields in 2D or over a surface in 3D. We propose new methods for more effective volume visualization of three-dimensional vector fields using LIC: 1) we present a fast method for computing volume LIC textures that exploits the sparsity of the input texture. 2) We propose the use of a shading technique, called limb darkening, to reveal the depth relations among the field lines. The shading effect is obtained simply by using appropriate transfer functions and, therefore, avoids using expensive shading techniques. 3) We demonstrate how two-field visualization techniques can be used to enhance the visual information describing a vector field. The volume LIC textures are rendered using texture-based rendering techniques, which allows interactive exploration of a vector field.     

基于空间跳跃的三维纹理硬件体绘制算法

本文提出了一种用于加速三维纹理硬件体绘制的空间跳跃算法。     

一种基于NPR的虚拟环境生成方法

非真实感绘制(NPR)为传统虚拟现实技术的使用开辟了新的空间。针对传统基于图像的绘制无法满足艺术风格虚拟环境需要的问题,通过将非真实感绘制技术引入虚拟场景构建中,提出了一种基于非真实感绘制的虚拟环境生成方法。该方法首先通过计算结构张量刻画图像局部结构,并采用全变分偏微分方程自适应滤波处理来得到平滑张量场;然后在此基础上采用线积分卷积指导画笔走向来模拟生成线条波动感艺术图像;最后将其融入3维场景来生成可漫游的艺术感虚拟环境。实验结果表明,采用该新算法不仅可以较好地模拟线条波动感艺术图像,而且可实现艺术风格虚拟环境的构建。     

基于打包索引纹理的大规模数据体绘制算法

针对大规模数据体绘制效率低下的问题,提出一种算法：对体数据进行纹理分块打包,移除空数据块,并创建数据块的索引数据,绘制时通过索引访问打包后的纹理实现大规模数据完全载入显存,同时在索引中标记空数据及高密度数据块的位置,绘制前生成其有效的立方体数据表达,结合早期光线终止与空域跳过等加速技术,有效地实现了大规模的体数据的实时绘制,同时保证了结果图像的质量。