结构-视图模型下零件可变型设计方法

提出基于功能结构一结构视图模型的零件族建模方法,将零件变型设计的对象层次定义到有一定工程语义、表达工程功能的结构,将零件描述为由功能结构以一定的组合关系构成的可扩展网络．组成零件的功能结构通过施加空间布局约束和拼接约束建立零件族模型．通过修改参数尺寸可以实现零件大小的变化;通过对功能结构的修改或替换达到零件实例结构的变型和变异;通过提高零件变型对象的层次实现零件功能结构的变异．     

建筑平面图纸理解中关于符号识别的新方法

实现计算机图纸理解的关键在于对图纸中符号的识别,该文提出了一种建筑平面CAD图纸中符号识别的新方法,该方法首先由建筑符号中的几何图元构造出一种矩形网格结构,并用图元与网格之间的约束替换几何图元之间的约束来建立符号的几何特征描述。基于这种描述提出了一个统一的识别方法,最后给出了应用实例,取得了满意的识别效果。     

零件语义关系几何模型及其基因编码

为完整描述零件信息,通过分析零件的静态特征构成,定义拉伸和旋转等6种特征操作算子;研究特征间的动态语义关系,得出“和约束特征”和“并约束特征”两种合理性约束特征;将两者有机结合,实现静态特征间的动态语义连接,建立基于特征造型技术的零件语义关系几何模型（Part Semantic Relationship Geometry Model,PSRGM）．根据模型树的动态生成过程以及特征编码结构,完成特征基因编码,实现零件特征序列的DNA编码．以曲轴为例,说明该方法的应用．     

变动几何约束网络的运动学模型及其应用研究

引入机器人学中的运动学分析方法研究了变动几何约束网络的运动学模型。基于ISO/TC213的特征分类，定义了三类变动几何约束（VGCs）给出变动几何约束网络（VGCN）的概念；基于旋量参数研究变动几何约束网络的运动学模型，给出此模型的一般表示式；并研究了此模型在计算机辅助公差设计中的应用。实例分析验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于符号的机构概念运动模型

基于功能符号“三位一体”．陛提出了面向概念设计的机构运动模型表示方法;给出了功能语义蕴涵的运动变换约束和运动关系约束;通过功能符号形式化描述建立分层次的机构概念运动模型,实现对计算机辅助概念运动设计的支持．     

基于几何形状相似性的工艺实例检索

提出一种基于匹配零件几何形状的工艺实例检索方法．根据B-Rep实体表示法,构造形状向量邻接矩阵（FVAM）以表达零件几何形状,并给出了基于FVAM的工艺实例模型形式化定义;通过抽取表征FVAM的特征参数建立了一个有效的实例索引机制,研究了形状相似性及实例相似性的计算方法;最后给出了工艺实例检索过程的算法实现．该方法具有较好的通用性和实用性,已在具体应用中验证了方法的可行性．     

基于接触关系分析的装配序列规划

为了解决装配序列规划中的三维非正交装配方向自动选择问题,提出一种基于接触关系分析的装配序列规划方法.该方法根据装配几何模型自动提取零件间接触关系,由此确定模型中零件运动约束,根据该约束求解出每个零件的瞬时可行运动方向集;通过在可行方向上构建平移路径并作干涉检查,检测出当前可拆卸零件;重复上述过程,最终推导出装配序列分层图.最后通过实例验证了文中方法的正确性和有效性;实例结果表明,该方法在一定程度上可以提高装配序列规划的自动化程度.     

面向与历史无关造型的三维约束模型构建方法

由于与历史无关的造型系统中约束模型多处于欠约束状态,使求解结果往往不能很好地符合设计意图,为此提出一种基于虚几何元素的约束模型构建方法.该方法根据输入约束的方向特性创建虚几何元素,并将这些约束转换为实体几何元素、虚几何元素间的结构约束和尺寸约束,从而构建基本约束模型;在此基础上,通过几何元素的剩余自由度分析增补相应的几何约束,使约束模型更完备,求解结果更合理.文中方法已在原型系统InteModel中实现,并通过实例验证了其正确性和有效性.     

零件工序模型几何演变序列生成方法及应用

针对机加工艺知识挖掘与重用困难的问题,分析得出工艺知识隐藏在零件工序模型序列的几何变化之中,并进一步提出工序模型几何演变序列的生成和相似性度量方法以及特征匹配算法.首先对工序模型的几何变更进行提取和表示,并将整个工序模型序列中所有前、后道工序间的几何变更按照工艺过程的优先级约束组成了几何演变序列;然后建立零件工序模型几何演变序列的相似性度量算法,并以算法的计算结果作为衡量零件工艺相似性的依据;在几何演变序列中提取出参与特征形成过程的变更元素建立新的加工特征模型,并通过构建特征的匹配算法来为融入加工特征形成过程的更高维的特征识别与匹配提供依据.实例结果表明,文中方法是可行性的.     

与历史无关的三维参数化模型构造方法

针对解析曲面构成的B-rep模型,提出了一种陈述性三维几何约束模型的构造方法．基于位置和姿态自由度解耦思想给出了几何实体的外形描述,借助空间矢量正交或平行条件定义了基本约束单元,并推导出常见工程约束的代数方程．讨论了陈述式约束模型自动构造过程,开发了三维模型变形设计原型系统,并验证该方法的可行性。     

On the optimization problem of fillets and holes in plates with curvature constraints

The focus of this study is two-dimensional optimization problem of fillets and holes in plates considering curvature constraints, defined with the goal of minimizing stress concentration factor. The optimality criteria of uniform energy density are extended to shape optimization with curvature constraint assuming that a good shape design can be obtained when constant energy density along the segment of the designed boundary is achieved, except for the section that has to satisfy the geometry constraint. Feasible solutions are sought out under the assumption that the minimum curvature radius is constant on the last part of the designed boundary, and some interesting features of optimal shape of fillets and holes with prescribed minimum curvature radii are revealed. A finite-element-based method in conjunction with a gradientless algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal shape with curvature constraint. Numerical examples of optimal fillets and holes in flat plates are presented to validate the proposed assumption.     

基于定性立体模型的产品可装配/拆卸性分析

探讨如何在尚未确定完整的定量信息的概念设计阶段实现计算机辅助设计产品可装配／拆卸性分析的问题，首先分析了概念设计的产品信息特点，提出定性装配模型的概念，该模型描述了零件间的壮配关系和零件的定性形状，然后提出一种可装配／拆卸性分析方法，该方法以定性的位置和形状为基本信息，通过分析零件的可移动性和移动方向，进行零件的装配／拆卸性分析。     

Geometry and topology optimization of plane frames for compliance minimization using force density method for geometry model

A new method is proposed for simultaneous optimization of shape, topology and cross section of plane frames. Compliance against specified loads is minimized under constraint on structural volume. Difficulties caused by the melting nodes can be alleviated to some extent by introducing force density as design variables for defining the geometry, where the side constraints are assigned for force density to indirectly avoid the existence of extremely short members. Force density method is applied to an auxiliary cable-net model with different boundary and loading conditions so that the regularity of force density matrix is ensured by positive force densities. Sensitivity coefficients of the objective and constraint functions with respect to the design variables are also explicitly calculated. After the optimal geometry of the frame is obtained, the topology is further improved by removing the thin members and combining closely spaced nodes. It is demonstrated in the numerical examples of three types of frames that rational geometry and topology can be achieved using the proposed method, and the effect of bending moment on the optimal solution is also discussed.

     

2-D and 3-D shape optimization using mesh velocities to integrate analytical sensitivities with associative CAD

The design sensitivities generated with the mesh velocity method, used by the authors, are compared with those obtained by the boundary layer and boundary displacement methods. The effect of adaptive mesh refinement and error control on the quality of the velocity fields is discussed, as well as their ability to yield accurate first-order predictions of constraint values. Two numerical shape optimization examples of a 2D and a 3D component are presented. These examples are used to illustrate the benefits of integrating analytical methods of design sensitivity analysis with parametric capabilities supported by state-of-the-art CAD systems.     

Application of basis function concept to practical shape optimization problems

Component shape optimization normally requires a parameterized geometric representation or a generic model for the solid geometry which evolves to an optimal design. Generic models for large-scale three-dimensional components are difficult to build. The difficulties result from the lack of robust automatic mesh generation and the availability of a parametric model. To remedy this problem, a basis function concept used in mathematics for representing an arbitrary function is employed for geometric representation of solids. This approach does not require automatic mesh generation or parametric models for geometric representation and thus is suitable for large-scale complicated components. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the applicability of this approach to realistic problems.     

Shape design sensitivity analysis of nonlinear structural systems

A unified approach is presented for shape design sensitivity analysis of nonlinear structural systems that include trusses and beams. Both geometric and material nonlinearities are considered. Design variables that specify the shape of components of built-up structures are treated, using the continuum equilibrium equations and the material derivative concept. To best utilize the basic character of the finite element method, shape design sensitivity information is expressed as domain integrals. For numerical evaluation of shape design sensitivity expressions, two alternative methods are presented: the adjoint variable and direct differentiation methods. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Using the domain formulation of shape design sensitivity analysis, and the adjoint variable and direct differentiation methods, design sensitivity expressions are derived in the continuous setting in terms of shape design variations. A numerical method to implement the shape design sensitivity analysis, using established finite element codes, is discussed. Unlike conventional methods, the current approach does not require differentiation of finite element stiffness and mass matrices.     

一种适用于特征造型的参数化设计方法

本文提出了一种面向特征造型的参数化设计方法，该方法对三维几何约束在初始设计阶段采用高层表示，并基于面向特征造型的高层几何约束模型与约束传播实现尺寸驱动几何，从而能够有效地支持特征设计，初始设计。     

Optimum shape design of truss structures based on reliability

A procedure is presented for the shape optimization of truss structures based on the reliability concept. Nodal coordinates are taken as the shape design variables together with the sizing design variables such as the cross-sectional areas of the members. These variables are determined to minimize the structural volume under the constraint on the structural failure probability.     

Structural optimization of as-built parts using reverse engineering and evolution strategies

In industry, some parts are prone to failures or their design is simply sub-optimal. In those critical situations, one would like to be able to make changes to the part, making it lighter or improving its mechanical resistance. The problem of as-built parts is that the original computer-aided design (CAD) model is not available or is lost. To optimize them, a reverse engineering process is necessary to capture the shape and topology of the original design. This paper describes how to capture the original design geometry using a semi-automated reverse engineering process based on measurement provided by an optical 3D sensor. Following this reverse engineering process, a Fixed Grid Finite Element method and evolutionary algorithms are used to find the optimum shape that will minimize stress and weight. Several examples of industrial parts are presented. These examples show the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method in an industrial scenario. Presented at the 7th World Congress on Computational Mechanics, Los Angeles 2006.     

Binary level set methods for topology and shape optimization of a two-density inhomogeneous drum

We optimize eigenvalues in optimal shape design using binary level set methods. The interfaces of subregions are represented implicitly by the discontinuities of binary level set functions taking two values 1 or ?1 at convergence. A binary constraint is added to the original model problems. We propose two variational algorithms to solve the constrained optimization problems. One is a hybrid type by coupling the Lagrange multiplier approach for the geometry constraint with the augmented Lagrangian method for the binary constraint. The other is devised using the Lagrange multiplier method for both constraints. The two iterative algorithms are both largely independent of the initial guess and can satisfy the geometry constraint very accurately during the iterations. Intensive numerical results are presented and compared with those obtained by level set methods, which demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our algorithms.