白果

白果是银杏树的果实。据《本草纲目》所记载,白果“熟食温肺益气,定喘咳,缩小便,止白浊;生食降痰,清毒、杀虫”。果仁含有蛋白质、脂肪、糖及少量胡萝卜素和核黄酸等。每100克白果仁含碳水化合物76克,碳水化合物含量与大枣相配,而蛋白质6-13.2克,脂     

不同鸡种及不同产蛋周龄鸡蛋营养成分比较分析

目的比较不同鸡种及不同产蛋阶段所产鸡蛋营养成分的差异。方法在相同条件下饲养海兰褐鸡、苏禽青壳鸡、仿土蛋鸡,比较产蛋前期(21周)、中期(43周)、后期(67周)所产鸡蛋的营养成分及矿物元素含量。结果不同鸡种所产鸡蛋的粗蛋白含量差异不显著(P0.05);海兰褐鸡蛋的干物质、粗脂肪、胆固醇、磷脂、磷、铁、硒等含量均显著小于仿土蛋鸡蛋和苏禽青壳蛋(P0.05),仿土蛋鸡蛋和苏禽青壳蛋二者间差异不显著(P0.05)。产蛋前期鸡蛋的干物质含量显著低于产蛋中、后期(P0.05);仿土蛋鸡和苏禽青壳产蛋前期鸡蛋的粗脂肪含量显著低于产蛋中、后期(P0.05);产蛋前期鸡蛋的胆固醇和磷脂含量显著高于产蛋后期(P0.05),产蛋后期显著高于产蛋中期(P0.05),不同产蛋阶段鸡蛋的粗蛋白、磷、铁、铜和硒含量差异匀不显著(P0.05);不同鸡种在不同产蛋阶段所产鸡蛋的钙、镁、锌、锰等含量存在一定差异。结论青壳蛋和仿土鸡蛋营养成分要优于海兰褐鸡蛋,初产蛋除了磷脂含量较高,其他营养成分基本相同。     

外销银杏罐头生产技术

银杏又名白果,是银杏树的果实。银杏树是世界上最古老的树种之一,享有“活化石”之美誉。银杏树的种类很多,我国从化石中已发现有14种之多。     

银杏食疗方五款

银杏，又名白果，是银杏科植物银杏树的果实。银杏树初果期需20~30年，盛果期需40～45年，所以人们又称之“公孙树”。银杏树是落叶乔木中雌雄异株的裸子植物，是一种古代的子遗植物，故有“活化石”之称。原产于我国，据有关文献记载已有3000多年的栽培历史。     

不同的干燥处理对新郑灰枣品质的影响

选取不同树龄的新郑灰枣,分别采用低温烘干和晒干两种处理后,比较了对新郑灰枣品质的影响,结果得出,烘干灰枣的可食用率高于晒干灰枣,相同条件下树龄对新郑灰枣的营养成分影响不明显,相同树龄下,烘干灰枣中钠和钙的含量略高于晒干的灰枣,而铁和锌正好相反。     

抗虫耐除草剂玉米DBN9936×DBN9501和亲本玉米DBN318的营养成分和抗营养成分的比较研究

目的：分析比较3个不同产地抗虫耐除草剂玉米DBN9936×DBN9501和亲本玉米DBN318的营养成分和抗营养成分。方法：对3个产地抗虫耐除草剂玉米DBN9936×DBN9501和亲本玉米DBN318的营养成分(水分、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、粗纤维、能量、脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素、氨基酸)和抗营养成分(植酸、棉子糖)进行检测和分析。结果：2018北京产转基因玉米泛酸、锌、硒、硬酯酸含量高于亲本玉米；2017北京产转基因玉米磷、钙、铜、铁、锰、锌、硒含量高于亲本玉米，棕榈油酸含量低于亲本玉米；2018三亚产转基因玉米泛酸、铁含量高于亲本玉米，珠光脂酸、精氨酸含量低于亲本玉米。但上述各营养素含量差异为个别产地、个别营养成分转基因玉米与亲本玉米营养成分的差异，3个产地营养素含量差异无一致性规律。另外，上述营养素含量基本在OECD或ILSI给出的参考范围内，因此认为上述差异属于自然波动。其余各营养成分转基因玉米和亲本玉米相比均无显著性差异。抗营养成分检测结果显示，2017北京产转基因玉米的植酸含量高于亲本玉米，2017北京产和2018三亚产转基因玉米的棉子糖含量低于亲本玉米，但3个产地...     

白果下斑

作为存世几亿年的植物,银杏树被尊称为“活化石”。 银杏树的果实也称为银杏、白果,在宋代就被列为皇家品。李时珍在《本草纲目》中记载：能入肺经,益肺气,定喘嗽……故又能杀虫消毒,然食多弼段冷太过,令人气壅胪胀昏顿。     

白果下斑

作为存世几亿年的植物，银杏树被尊称为“活化石”。 银杏树的果实也称为银杏、白果，在宋代就被列为皇家品。李时珍在《本草纲目》中记载：能入肺经，益肺气，定喘嗽……故又能杀虫消毒，然食多弼段冷太过，令人气壅胪胀昏顿。     

柴达木地区不同果色枸杞果实营养成分比较分析

采用自然晾晒干果为参照,对柴达木盆地的红果枸杞、黑果枸杞、金果枸杞、黄果枸杞、白果枸杞和紫果枸杞中营养成分及活性成分进行测定,分析和研判了其利用价值,并运用主成分分析和聚类分析对其内在品质进行评价。结果表明：金果枸杞在总糖含量方面具有一定优势,其总糖含量高于其他5种枸杞。黄果枸杞总糖低于红果枸杞,但总黄酮最高,是红果枸杞的5倍,黑果枸杞的2倍,表现出低总糖、高黄酮的特点,黄果枸杞具有一定的开发价值。白果枸杞蛋白质含量最高,紫果枸杞脂肪含量最高,具有一定的营养价值。主成分分析选取了前3个主成分,累计方差贡献率为79.995%,综合得分值排前三的分别为红果枸杞、紫果枸杞和黑果枸杞,说明这三种枸杞综合品质较高。聚类分析将6种不同果色枸杞归为3类,第1类包括黑果枸杞和紫果枸杞,多糖、脂肪、花青素含量较高,第2类包括白果枸杞,蛋白质含量较高;第3类为金果、黄果和红果枸杞,总糖、总黄酮、甜菜碱含量较高,这些营养成分含量高的枸杞可在在今后的枸杞品种选育中作为特异材料。     

烤白果

白果是锻杏树的种子。银杏树这种最古老的孑遗植物，是我国的特产。早在唐代由中国传到日本，再从日本传到欧洲、美洲。它的结果年限较长，“公植树而孙得食”，所以也称“公孙树”。银杏树俊秀挺拔，浑身是宝，其种仁白果富含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类等，而且具有杀菌、化痰，止咳、补肺、通经、利便之功效，自汉末、三国时就被用作果品类的烹饪原料，     

渭北不同树龄苹果品质因子分析与综合评价

为探求渭北苹果主产区果实品质的演变过程和稳定性,分别以洛川、白水县两个富士苹果主产地的果树树龄为0～10、11～15、16～20、21～25 a、大于25 a所结的苹果果实为研究对象,分别对收获期富士苹果单果的质量、体积、质量与体积比、果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、钙质量分数7 项指标进行测定,并运用综合指标法对不同树龄果树所结苹果的品质进行综合分析和归纳。结果表明：随树龄增加,苹果单果质量和体积呈明显增加的趋势,进入果树盛果期（16 a）后基本稳定;果实质量与体积比随树龄增加未有显著变化;果实硬度随树龄增加呈缓慢下降的趋势,但不同树龄间果实硬度差异不显著;不同树龄果实的可溶性固形物含量呈波动性变化;可滴定酸含量随树龄呈先增加后降低的趋势;果实中钙质量分数随树龄增加呈“V”字型变化。果实品质综合评价为树龄小于16 a时处于提升过程,大于25 a则明显下降。由此可以得出,渭北苹果优生区的苹果品质并不稳定,“相对稳定的优果期”仅为树龄在16～25 a的10 a时间里,期间富士苹果的综合品质最佳,树龄大于25 a的苹果品质退化明显。     

日本落叶松化学组成与纤维特性的研究

对不同树龄和不同部位日本落叶松的化学组成、糖类组成、纤维形态和纤维素结晶度进行了研究。结果表明，不同树龄日本落叶松的化学组成存在一定的差异：随着树龄的增大，总碳水化合物含量逐渐降低；冷水抽出物、热水抽出物和1％NaOH抽出物的含量增加；灰分含量逐渐降低；聚糖组成中葡萄糖和木糖降低，半乳糖增加；纤维素结晶度指数有所减小。从化学组成与纤维特性分析，12年生和15年生日本落叶松适合用作造纸原料，比20年以上树龄的树木更适合制浆造纸。与我国兴安落叶松相比，日本落叶松的水抽出物与1％NaOH抽出物含量较低，聚糖中葡萄糖含量较多和半乳糖含量较少，从化学组成来说，日本落叶松是一种优于兴安落叶松的造纸原料。     

不同树龄窄冠杨黑11纤维形态与制浆性能

对不同树龄窄冠杨黑11的纤维形态与制浆性能进行了研究。研究发现,树龄对其纤维形态、抽出物含量都有一定影响。化学浆得率和强度性能随树龄增大而增大,而树龄对硬度影响较小。随树龄增大,SCMP和APMP的得率、白度和强度增大,而光散射系数和不透明度稍有降低;SCMP的H2O2漂白浆与未漂浆有相似的变化趋势。     

The mineral composition of apples. Calcium concentration and bitter pit in relation to mean mass per apple

Data for bulked samples of ungraded Cox's Orange Pippin fruit obtained from many sources over a period of 18 years show that there is a general inverse relationship between mean mass per apple and mean calcium concentration. Part of the scatter around the regression curve was accounted for by differences between years but there were larger differences between samples of the same size picked from different orchards in the same year. Even with the most favourable conditions the observed samples with mean mass per apple greater than 150 g had less than 5 mg Ca/100 g when no calcium sprays were applied and in general most samples with mean masses per apple greater than 110g were likely to have concentrations of calcium below this and hence were liable to develop bitter pit. Fruit calcium level was a more important determinant of liability to bitter pit than was mean mass per apple. Although there was some evidence of the same relationship between calcium concentration and mass when apples from the same tree were analysed individually other factors often negated it. Two- to three-fold differences in calcium concentration were observed in individual apples from the same tree.     

Varietal differences in the mineral composition of bulked samples of fruit from Cox's Orange Pippin,Crispin (Mutsu) and Spartan apple trees

Concentrations of dry matter, nitrogen and major mineral constituents in samples of Cox's Orange Pippin and Crispin fruit from interplanted trees were measured for 4 years. Similar measurements were made over a 6 year period in Cox and Spartan fruit samples from trees interplanted in another orchard. Concentrations varied greatly in all varieties from year to year. In comparison with Cox, fruit calcium concentrations were higher for a given mean mass per apple in Crispin in all years and in Spartan for 4 of the 6 years at harvest. Concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus were lower in Crispin and Spartan than in Cox fruit at harvest in all years, but dry matter and sodium concentrations differed only in some years. Changes in concentrations during fruit growth were measured in 2 years for each comparison. Differences between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in either Crispin or Spartan and Cox apples were evident throughout fruitlet enlargement in both years. Calcium concentrations were higher in Crispin and Spartan fruitlets than in Cox fruitlets of equivalent mass. Variations in the concentrations of potassium, magnesium and calcium from tree to tree were greater for Cox than Crispin samples but relationships between potassium and magnesium concentrations were similar for both varieties.     

Fatty Acid Composition,Total Sugar Content and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Methanol and Water Extracts of Nine Different Fruit Tree Leaves Collected from Mediterranean Region of Turkey

In this research, the total sugar content, fatty acid compositions, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of methanolic and water extracts of nine different fruit tree leaves were determined. α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activity were determined by using Caraway-Somogyi iodine/potassium iodide and 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside as substrate, respectively. The total sugar content of the nine different fruit tree leaves varies from 281.02 mg GE/g (glucose equivalents) to 643.96 mg GE/g. Methanolic extract from avocado leaves had the strongest in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 69.21 and 96.26%, respectively. Fatty acid composition of nine fruit tree leaves was characterized by gas chromatography and 24 components were identified. Among the tested fruit tree leaves, the main component was linolenic acid (49.09%). The level of essential fatty acids are over 50% in mulberry, grape, and loquat leaves. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the major group of fatty acids present in oils of mulberry, fig, pomegranate, grape, and loquat leaves. Therefore, these oils can be considered as a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, avocado can be regarded as a new source for diabetic therapies.     

Uptake of nutrients following fertilization of sitka spruce on deep peat in Northern Ireland

The effects are described of broadcast application of mineral phosphate at rates from 0–400 units? P₂O₅per acre and top-dressing treatments with nitrogen and potassium at rates up to 30 units N and 180 units K₂O per acre on the growth and nutrient uptake of newly planted Sitka spruce on deep oligotrophic peat in western Northern Ireland. Rate of tree growth and P uptake increased progressively over four years with increasing phosphate application. Applied K appreciably increased rate of growth, length of growing season and K uptake, but tree response decreased in the fifth season after application. Nitrogen application has had little effect except in the year of planting. Levels of N and K in Sitka foliage at the end of the first growing season were very much higher than in subsequent years.     

Content,chemical composition and morphology of epicuticular wax of Fortune mandarin fruits in relation to peel pitting

Changes in the amount, chemical composition and morphology of epicuticular wax in relation to rindstaining and peel pitting of Fortune mandarin fruits from trees grafted on different rootstocks and growing in different locations in the citrus area of Valencia (Spain) were studied. The epicuticular wax amount was higher on fruits from the north quadrant of the tree and was more influenced by the orchard location than by the tree rootstock. The main constituent classes of the epicuticular wax were alkanes > esters > ketones > aldehydes > fatty acids > primary alcohols > triterpenes. In the north quadrant of the tree the alkane and ester content in the wax of fruits from an orchard with fruits not rindstained in recent years was higher and the ketone and fatty acid content was lower than in fruits from an orchard with fruits rindstained in recent years. The epicuticular wax of Fortune mandarin peel had an amorphous structure in which crystalline plates and platelets were inserted. The wax layer was more damaged in fruits from the rindstained orchard. The results obtained suggest (a) that damage to the epicuticular wax structure may be a factor that can influence rindstaining and peel pitting of Fortune mandarin fruits but is not a determining factor, and (b) that wax yield is not related to rindstaining and peel pitting of Fortune mandarin fruits. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国油用牡丹的发展前景及对策

牡丹是原产中国的特有生物资源,中国栽培牡丹有2000多年的历史,经历了药用、观赏与综合利用三个发展阶段。牡丹容易大面积栽培,生态经济作用突出、牡丹籽产量高、籽油品质优,具有重要的开发利用价值。概要介绍了中国发展木本油料的重要意义,分析了我国油用牡丹的发展前景与关键技术,提出将油用牡丹归入新木本油料在国家层面加以发展的建议,指出了当前发展油用牡丹存在的问题,并提出了油用牡丹种植、加工和生态建设3个方面的相应对策。     

不同树龄梁平柚果皮精油挥发性成分的差异分析

为探索重庆梁平地区不同树龄的梁平柚果皮精油挥发性成分组成和含量的差异性,采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析鉴定5个不同树龄梁平柚皮精油,并利用偏最小二乘法判别分析和凝聚层级聚类分析对其挥发性成分进行统计分析并找出特征挥发性成分。结果表明:5个不同树龄梁平柚皮精油共分离鉴定出72种挥发性化学成分,其中d-柠檬烯、β-月桂烯、圆柚酮等8种成分相对含量较高(>1%),共占总挥发性成分的83.40%~87.61%;HCA分析法将5个不同树龄段梁平柚皮精油聚类为3类,结合PLS-DA分析结果得出E-2-已烯-1-醇、大根香叶烯B、L-薄荷醇等21个挥发性成分为3类精油的特征性挥发物质。研究结果同时发现不同树龄段梁平柚果皮精油挥发性成分的组成具有一定差异性,呈现出不同的香型特征,这为梁平柚果皮精油差异化开发应用提供了理论参考。