SOME DATA ON THE WHITEWARE INDUSTRY OF WEST VIRGINIA1

Most of the usual types of whiteware are manufactured in West Virginia by 24 different firms. Data are given on the kinds of body raw materials used, and their geographic sources; the materials used for glazes; lawn meshes used; number and kinds periodic bisque kilns and glost kilns; number of car tunnel bisque and glost kilns; horns kilns are on fire and the cones reached in each of the various types of whiteware.     

ADAPTATION OF TUNNEL AND CAR KILNS TO FIRING REFRACTORIES1

The success of tunnel kilns in a given industry is largely determined by the choice of the type best suited to the requirements of that industry. This paper discusses the adaptation of the various types of tunnel kilns to firing glass house refractories, clay, fire brick and silica brick.     

NOTES ON TUNNEL KILN CAR LUBRICATION*

A discussion of the properties required by oil for kiln-car lubrication is presented. The results reported on questionnaires answered by forty plants operating tunnel kilns are given, together with comments and conclusions therefrom. The residue, flash, and burning points of ten different oils approved for kiln-car lubrication are listed with directions for using oil as a lubricant on tunnel kiln cars.     

THE HEAT-BALANCE STUDY OF CERAMIC KILNS1

The elements of the heat-balance study and calculation of the thermal efficiency of ceramic kilns are summarized, and an outline of a heat-balance method is given. The CO₂ in the flue gases of the kilns studied was measured automatically and continuously by an electric CO₂ meter making use of the thermal conductivity method, and some of the resulting CO₂percentage curves are given and interpreted. A complete heat-balance of a 30-foot round downdraft facebrick kiln fired with wood is given, together with various data and conclusions on the use of wood in firing ceramic kilns. A complete heat-balance of a Hoffman continuous coal fired kiln is given, together with temperature-gradient curves and other data of this and two other Hoffman kilns.     

CONTINUOUS TUNNEL KILNS AT THE PLANT OF MOUNT CLEMENS POTTERY COMPANY1,2

These two direct-fired kilns (bisque and glost) are placed end to end in a specially constructed kiln building 825 feet long. Both kilns are fired with soft coal, hand stoked. Three motors are required, aggregating 8/14 horsepower on each kiln. Hydraulic car pushers are employed. A pressure of 8100 lbs. is required to move the 44 cars thru the bisque kiln. The bisque kiln cars hold 278 dozen ware each and at a 55-minute car schedule, deliver over 7200 dozen ware per 24 hours at a fuel saving of more than 85% over the former periodic kiln operating at this plant. This bisque capacity is equivalent to that of thirteen 16/12 ft. diameter periodic kilns which would cost more to build than the bisque tunnel kiln.     

SIMULATION MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL DRYERS: REDUCTION OF DRYING TIMES OF CERAMICS & SAVING ENERGY

ABSTRACT

A procedure was outlined to optimize industrial dryers for ceramics. The procedure consists of drying experiments on full-size products in a lab dryer, measurements of characteristics of the dryer and by simulations with DrySini. DrySim is a flexible simulation program in which a user can model his own dryer with predefined components. Two examples are given, the optimization of a chamber dryer and the optimization of a tunnel dryer. In both examples the production of the existing dryers could be increased and at the same time cost of energy could reduced by optimal use of waste air of kilns and minimizing mixing of kiln air with ambient air.     

烟气换热工艺在耐火材料隧道窑环保治理中的应用

耐火材料在生产过程中会产生颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物等大气污染物,为实现烟气达标排放,需要进行治理。隧道窑的排烟温度一般较低,不能直接满足深度治理设施正常运行的温度要求,通过烟气换热治理工艺以较低的能耗提升隧道窑的排烟温度,在同样达标排放的条件下,该工艺操作简便,运行成本低,并充分利用烟气热量实现烟气消白。该工艺在耐火材料企业实际应用后取得良好的效果,在基准含氧量18%(φ)的条件下,颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放浓度分别达到10、35、50 mg·m-3以内,每吨产品增加成本约20元,在企业的承受范围之内。     

APPLICATION OF THE DOWNDRAFT PRINCIPLE TO TUNNEL KILNS1

Down draft is established as best for producing even heat distribution in periodic and chamber kilns. Methods of applying down draft to tunnel kilns are described and illustrated.     

陶瓷隧道窑热耗的定量分析

利用陶瓷燃料隧道窑热耗数学模型及计算机模拟方法,得出了９种重要因素对热耗定量影响的模拟结果,并对模拟结果进行了分析,由此寻求陶瓷资料隧道窑节能的较好途径。     

新型宽体节能隧道窑的开发

通过对国外陶瓷隧道窖的研究，开发出了一条既不同于我国传统窑又区别于引进窑的新型宽体节能隧道窑。     

Calculation of radiant heat exchange in tunnel kilns

Conclusions A new program for calculating the error when a two-dimensional model of heat exchange in tunnel kilns of various sizes and with different temperature gradients along the axis of the channel is used, has been developed. It is established that the use of a two-dimensional model is valid in the calculations of large tunnel kilns but may lead to significant errors when calculating small kilns where it is necessary to allow for the connection between the positions and the radiant component of the heat flow.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 23–27, April, 1982.     

The thermodynamic efficiency of tunnel kilns

Refractories and Industrial Ceramics - An in-depth thermodynamic analysis of modern high-temperature tunnel kilns showed that the principal exergy losses in the kilns are due to the irreversibility...     

一些国外引进窑炉在国内运转情况分析

一些国外引进窑在国内运转中存在的问题常常发生在国内外有关方面的差异之处,解决问题的最好办法是在注意不同点的基础上,对窑进行精心管理。     

FIRE-TRAVEL IN CONTINUOUS KILNS1

A general comparison of tunnel kilns and other continuous kilns is made taking up such questions as size, condition of the brick entering the kiln, draft, and rate of firing. As this is based on European practice, discussions based on American practice are appended.     

The ratio of zone lengths in high-temperature tunnel kilns

Conclusions The ratios of the heating zone lengths existing in high-temperature tunnel kilns for firing magnesia refractories are not optimal. There are reserves for improving the operation of the kilns by optimizing the ratio of the zone lengths.The operation of the preheat zone in a high-temperature tunnel kiln is characterized by perfect heat-exchange and the presence of a reserve section. This zone can be reduced without damage to the furnace operation, as a result of which it is possible to elongate the cooling zone.Further treatment of the question of optimization of the ratio of zone lengths in a high-temperature tunnel kiln should be continued in the new kiln design developed by the All-Union Institute of Refractories, which is equipped with burner assemblies from the 19th position.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 8–15, 1970.     

Choosing burners for tunnel kilns

Conclusions Double-duct burners fitted to tunnel kilns have proved themselves. Subsequently, it will be necessary to improve the design of burners and to carry out research into the most rational economic combustion of natural gas.Hot-air injection into burners is undesirable in tunnel kilns heated with natural gas and used for firing chamotte and dinas products.A discussion.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 11–13, May, 1968.     

COMMERCIAL FIRING SURVEY OF CAR-TUNNEL KILNS*

Firing data were received from forty-eight manufacturers of many types of ceramic products. The products were divided into six classes, and minimum, maximum, and average values are presented in chart form on the firing cycle, loading, heat consumption, and firing costs. Fuel costs are analyzed, and data are given for two small, electric, twin-tunnel kilns.     

Analyzing the heating and cooling of products in a high temperature tunnel kiln

Conclusions We developed relationships permitting us to make accurate thermal analysis of tunnel kilns.We give an analysis of the thermal work of a high temperature tunnel kiln, and explain the essential role of radiation.We demonstrate the advantages of elongating the firing zones and the cooling zones of high temperature tunnel kilns at the expense of the preheat zones.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 16–23, February 1968.     

现代陶瓷隧道窑的烧成均匀性

本文列出三种典型陶瓷隧道窑温度曲线的测试结果,并对温度及气氛均匀性进行理论分析,指出现代陶瓷隧道窑烧成均匀性的重要改进及尚存在的问题。