油页岩开发利用技术进展

在介绍油页岩性质的基础上,系统总结了国内外油页岩热解开发利用的最新研究进展,主要包括油页岩热解化学、热解工艺、页岩灰利用以及油页岩开发利用的技术分析等。油页岩资源的开发利用对缓解石油资源供应紧张和保障能源安全供应具有重要意义。油页岩资源的开发利用必须结合油页岩资源赋存、地质结构和油页岩的性质选择合适的工艺和技术,实现油页岩资源的高效清洁利用。     

中国油页岩成矿特征分析

中国油页岩资源丰富,陆相、湖泊海相以及海陆交互相都有油页岩沉积,而陆相沉积最为普遍。油页岩资源丰富的盆地主要有松辽、鄂尔多斯、准噶尔3个盆地,共占全国油页岩资源储量的76．8％以上,主要赋存于新生代地层中。油页岩产出状态多样,以薄层状为主,多为褐黑色,有机质类型属于Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根。含油率大于5％的页岩油资源占67．64％,表明中国油页岩品质中等偏好。     

油页岩干馏工艺炼油及页岩油的回收

介绍了采用抚顺炉干馏油页岩和陕西冶金设计研究院有限公司研发的新型工艺回收页岩油的工艺流程,该工艺生产的页岩油、页岩干馏气具有良好的经济价值。     

Physical and mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde-bonded particleboard made from bamboo waste

Development of value-added products from any unutilized woody or non-woody material can play a vital role in economic development and also in forest resources conservation of any country. In this study, the suitabilities of planer waste and chips of Bambusa balcooa and Bambusa vulgaris, two locally grown bamboo species of Bangladesh, were investigated for the production of particleboard. The planer waste is a kind of shavings obtained during planing operation of bamboo splits for making rectangular strips of uniform thickness.Urea formaldehyde glue was used as a binder. Particleboards (12 mm thickness) were made from each type of the material applying 3.5 N/mm² pressure at 140 °C press temperature. The panels were tested to determine bending strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, thickness swelling and water absorption.The variation in particle geometry of the raw materials significantly influenced the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The chips showed better strength properties compared to planer waste. B. vulgaris produced better and well glued particleboards compared to B. balcooa because of its superior gluability. The product could be used for indoor application especially as furniture component. Further research on the improvement in dimensional stabilization of product is needed.     

宁东地区延安组泥页岩油气资源勘探潜力评价

宁东地区延安组沉积有泥页岩岩层,该套泥页岩至今仍是页岩油气资源勘探的盲区。本文通过对宁东地区的泥页岩野外露头和岩芯样品进行泥页岩基本性质的测定,发现研究区延安组泥页岩粘土矿物含量较高,有机碳含量高,干酪根类型以Ⅱ2型为主。但是,此套泥页岩的有机质成熟度较低,未达到烃源岩生烃门限,因此不具备页岩气的勘探潜力。同时,通过对泥页岩进行含油率的测定和岩石热解分析,发现其含油率及生油潜量达不到油页岩的标准,因此研究区延安组也不具备油页岩的勘探潜力。     

温度对油页岩快速热解特性的影响

采用喷动载流床快速热解装置,研究桦甸大城子4层油页岩的低温快速热解特性.采用改变气速的方法使不同热解温度下气体的停留时间一致,探讨不同热解温度对油页岩热解的气、液、固三相产物的产率、组成以及三者之间相互关系的影响,确定了在以获得液体燃料为主要目的时,530℃为桦甸大城子4层油页岩低温快速热解的最适宜温度.     

Oxidative pyrolysis of oil shale in tubular flow reactors with external heating

This article discusses the possibilities of the multipurpose use of oil shale based on the methods of their thermal processing. The main current concepts of oxidative pyrolysis processes are considered. A facility for the oxidative pyrolysis of powdered oil shale in tubular reactors of the gas-suspension type with external heat supply to the reaction zone is described.     

煤和油页岩燃烧脱硫技术研究

综述了国内外近年来在脱硫技术方面的最新研究成果,包括燃烧前脱硫、燃烧后脱硫以及燃烧过程中脱硫,总结了各种脱硫方式的优缺点,并就国内外研究现状,评述了煤和油页岩流化床燃烧过程中脱硫的机理及其数学模型,提出了利用群论来描述脱硫数学模型的设想,力求避开对多元非线性偏微分方程的复杂求解,另辟蹊径.并且在脱硫技术和数学模型方面提出了今后的研究方向.     

页岩气开采中的液化石油气无水压裂技术

水资源的大量消耗和压裂导致的相关污染一直以来都是页岩气开采中常用的水力压裂技术始终面临着两大难题。为了实现页岩气能够绿色高效地开发,探索适宜的新型无水压裂技术已经显得十分重要和紧迫了。而目前,外国的石油科研人员正在研发的LPG无水压裂,即使用液化石油气作为压裂液,则可能是打开中国页岩气资源的钥匙。这种技术可以解决我国尚无完善水力压裂作业体系和缺乏水资源的情况,应用前景相当广阔。     

Adsorbent Production Using Oil Shale from the Kendyrlyk Deposit

The thermal activation of Kendyrlyk shale (at temperatures of 700–800°C) facilitates the production of a porous carbon material—activated shale. Currently available techniques such as electron microscopy and IR-spectroscopic analysis were used, and the elemental composition was determined. The morphology of the samples was studied, and the type of carbon modification was revealed; the adsorption characteristics of the samples were determined by the BET method. It was established that the specific surface area and the specific pore volume substantially increased as a result of the high-temperature activation of shale. The resulting activated shale was tested as an adsorbent.     

Thermal analysis of high‐performance mortar containing burnt clay shale as a partial portland cement replacement in the temperature range up to 1000 °C

Clay shale is a specific type of material that contains a large amount of kaolinite. Burnt clay shale belongs to a large group of pozzolans, and its pozzolanic properties are activated after burning at temperatures similar to those when kaolinite is transformed into metakaolin. In this study, fine powder of burnt clay shale was used for the design of a high‐performance mortar as a partial replacement for portland cement up to 60 wt.%. The prepared specimens were subjected to a thermal analysis by using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and thermodilatometry. The investigation was performed in the temperature range 25–1000 °C. The basic physical and mechanical properties were studied as well. It was demonstrated that it is possible to design and produce a high‐performance mortar containing fine burnt clay shale powder and that an appropriate amount of this replacement is up to 20 wt.%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

换热器管子与管板胀接技术及最新进展

分析了机械胀接技术中存在的问题，分析和对比了其它几种新近发展起来的胀接技术的一些基本特点。并介绍了我们最近研制开发成功的一种新型的液压胀接方式－液袋式液压胀接技术。     

梨树断陷烃源岩综合评价

梨树断陷是目前松辽盆地南部勘探程度最高的地区,也是油气资源最富集的地区。梨树断陷在纵向上发育多套烃源层系,包括沙河子组、营城组及火石岭组,烃源岩岩性主要为泥岩和煤系地层;有机质类型主要以II1~III型为主,含少量I型,盆地边缘有机质类型主要为III型;演化程度整体上已进入成熟阶段。     

Analyzing the Adaption of Different Adsorption Models for Describing the Shale Gas Adsorption Law

The adsorption capacity of a shale gas reservoir is mainly determined by the isothermal adsorption experiment. In this study, the building conditions and performances of seven single‐component and five multi‐component adsorption models were compared and analyzed. The results show that most shale gas reservoir adsorption characteristics obey those of type I on the macroscopic scale. The adsorption isotherms of single components can be described by the Langmuir‐Freundlich, Langmuir, and Toth models. The revised Langmuir, extended Langmuir, and the loading ratio correlation (LRC) models can be applied to binary‐component mixtures; and the extended Langmuir and LRC models perform best for shale gas. The obtained results might have an important promoting effect for modeling the shortage of shale gas.     

油页岩循环床锅炉中温分离回输系统Loop Seal工作特性的研究

在目前世界上投入商业运行最大容量的 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上 ,进行了全尺寸的中温分离系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的工作特性热态试验 ,得到了油页岩循环流化床燃烧中温分离回输系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的运行参数、温度特性及其循环物料的颗粒特性和含碳量分布 ,试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值     

国外塑料用着色剂及颜料市场的现状及趋势

综述了国外塑料着色剂和颜料的最新市场,尤其是美国和西德市场的最新动向。分别陈述了美国着色剂中镉的消费量和西德塑料工业中镉的消费量。指出了镉颜料具有色彩鲜艳、遮盖力强、分散性好、以及耐候、耐化学品和超热稳定性的优点。但是公众对重金属镉有引起肾病和致癌可能性的关注和耽忧与日俱增,因此在塑料制品中逐渐摒弃镉颜料及着色剂、使用镉的代用品,是一个值得注意的新动向。一些公司在摒弃镉的同时,正在研制符合环境要求的安全替代品。本文还对最新上市的十余种塑料着色剂及颜料新产品进行了报导。     

SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE DRUM AND CABLE IN A BRICK PLANT

Application of the drum and cable in a brick plant, for plowing and scraping the shale, for transferring it to the driers and out again and for carrying the burned bricks to the freight cars are described. The devices are simple and cheap, but they have effected a great saving and have made it much easier to get the necessary labor.     

世界油页岩资源的开发利用现状

油页岩是一种非常规能源,世界储量巨大,作为石油的补充能源,开发前景广阔.油页岩在隔绝空气条件下加热至500℃左右,会热解生成页岩油,经加工处理后可以制得汽油、柴油等油品.油页岩也可直接燃烧,产生蒸气、发电,目前利用油页岩燃烧发电的国家有爱沙尼亚、中国、德国等.本文介绍了世界主要油页岩国家的油页岩储量和加工利用情况,目前世界上利用油页岩干馏制取页岩油的国家主要有3个,中国(产量80万吨)、爱沙尼亚(产量50万吨)和巴西(18万吨),其他国家略有生产.中国页岩油产量一直居世界首位,目前有将近10座油页岩干馏厂投入运行,其中抚顺矿业集团年产页岩油35万吨,全国居首,该公司引进的日处理颗粒油页岩量6000t的ATP干馏工艺,目前已经在调试中阶段性运转,并逐渐延长连续运转时间,山东龙口等其他地方的油页岩加工利用也取得很大进展.美国目前没有进行油页岩干馏炼制页岩油的工业化生产,但有多所大学、公司和研究所已经对油页岩进行了长期的地上和地下干馏工艺的研究和开发.文中还介绍了国内外油页岩干馏的3种主要炉型,分别为块状页岩气体热载体干馏炉、颗粒页岩固体热载体干馏炉和粉末页岩流化干馏炉,并对比了不同国家的干馏炉型的优缺点.     

油页岩地面干馏技术研究

近年来,随着国际石油供求矛盾的不断突出和石油价格的居高不下,油页岩资源逐渐引起了众多科研人员的青睐.油页岩是一种重要的非常规油气资源.世界油页岩分布范围广,储量十分丰富,其探明可采储量如果折算成页岩油,数倍于世界原油的探明储量.页岩油作为石油的一种理想替代品,进行油页岩制油技术的研究不仅蕴含巨大的商业利益和经济价值,对国家安全和能源战略也具有十分重要的意义.油页岩制取页岩油的技术可分为地面干馏技术和原位开采技术.地面干馏技术的工艺和设备发展比较成熟,也是目前制取页岩油最主要的途径.根据颗粒粒度的大小又可分为块状干馏技术和小颗粒干馏技术.着重介绍的块状油页岩干馏技术有抚顺炉技术、Kiviter技术和Petrosix技术,小颗粒干馏技术有Tosco-Ⅱ技术、ATP 工艺和Enefit-280工艺等.最后指出了油页岩地面干馏技术的发展趋势.     

页岩孔隙结构及多层吸附模型的研究

页岩气是指主体位于暗色泥页岩或高碳泥页岩中,以吸附态或游离态为主要赋存方式的非常规天然气。页岩孔隙结构复杂,一般以纳米孔隙占优势,用常规储层孔隙的表征方法难以解释美国的高产页岩气系统。因此,页岩纳米孔隙的表征成为制约页岩气资源评价的关键因素。就浅谈页岩孔隙结构及多层吸附模型等方面的研究。