The heat resistance of various types of setting in tunnel-kiln cars

Conclusions The paper presents a method for heat-technical comparison of various types of setting of products for tunnel kilns offering the possibility of selecting the optimum variant of setting of the relative number of columns on the kiln car, and the thickness of each column.To illustrate the use of the proposed method, a comparison is made in regard to high-temperature tunnel kilns with 5- to 9-column settings with a column thickness of 1 standard brick and 7-column settings with a column thickness of 11/4 brick. Under these conditions the best type of setting in terms of heat technique proved to be the 7- to 8-column setting with a column thickness of 1 standard brick.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 17–22, January, 1966.     

FIRE-TRAVEL IN CONTINUOUS KILNS1

A general comparison of tunnel kilns and other continuous kilns is made taking up such questions as size, condition of the brick entering the kiln, draft, and rate of firing. As this is based on European practice, discussions based on American practice are appended.     

Cause-And-Effect Relations with Respect to Defects in Brick Firing in Tunnel Kilns

The cause-and-effect relations in firing brick in tunnel kilns are investigated and the causes of defects depending on the rate of heat treatment of brick in the kiln are identified. Current gas burners do not satisfy the requirements imposed on firing velocity regimes. The kiln has to be upgraded: Vulkan-gaz burners should be replaced by state-of-the-art gas burners with automatic control of the heat regime of the kiln, and the thermal regime in the preparation zone of the tunnel kiln has to be improved.__________Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 3, pp. 26 – 28, March, 2005.     

Conditions of operation of a tunnel kiln with injection burners

Conclusions The injection burners ensure jet combustion of the gas with the generation of an oxidizing atmosphere in the tunnel kiln. The firing of dense ladle brick and brick for blast furnaces in such kilns must last for 50–60 h.In discussion series [see Ogneupory, No.5, 11 (1968)].Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 10–13, May, 1969.     

Mastering the production of dense kaolin refractories for blast furnaces

Conclusions The Ukrainian Institute of Refractories has developed a technology, and the Chasov-Yar Factory is mastering the manufacturing methods, for dense kaolin refractories with a porosity of not more than 12% for blast furnaces. The bricks are made with high-fired chamotte using Novoselitsk and Polozhe kaolins. Firing is done in tunnel kilns with a setting height of 1.95 m.The increase in apparent density to 2.35–2.36 g/cm³ in the green brick due to rational use of kaolin chamotte and the improvement in body processing facilitate the regular production of goods with a porosity of not more than 12%, using existing SM-1085 toggle presses and tunnel kilns with a high setting.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 6–12, May, 1979.     

PRODUCER GAS FOR BURNING REFRACTORIES1

History of installations in the United States of producer gas for burning fire brick. Causes of failure or abandonment of producer gas firing. Continuous regenerative kiln necessary for successful burning at high temperatures with producer gas. The compartment kiln, fired with producer gas, best adapted for general refractories. Advantages of the compartment kiln over the car tunnel kiln. Essential features of continuous kilns for the successful burning of refractories. Special features of gas producers for ceramic kilns. Temperatures from producer gas. Economy of producer gas as compared with natural gas, oil and powdered coal. Investigation of designs and methods of operating gas producers.     

耐火材料工业热工窑炉的技术进步

介绍了我国近年来耐火材料工业热土窑炉的最新成果，阐述了超高温隧道窑、超高温回转窑、超高温竖窑、轻型结构节能梭式窑等新型窑炉的原理、特点、系统配置及使用情况。这些新型窑炉的问世，大大地促进了我国耐火材料新品种的发展，不仅使耐火制品质量上了一个新台阶，单位产品热量消耗也大大降低。     

Operating high-temperature tunnel kilns with a 700-mm-high charge

Conclusions In low tunnel kilns, periclase-spinel brick should be fired in columns about 700 mm in height in an arrangement which leaves an effective cross section of 47–48%.Injectors for feeding air at low pressure to the burners serve no useful purpose. A 45-m-long firing zone (15 positions) is not required.Ways must be found of further improving the heat insulation properties of the lining of the kiln trucks.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 12–15, February, 1976.     

An ejection system for firing a small high-temperature tunnel kiln

Conclusions An ejection system for firing a tunnel kiln differs from an ejection system for firing metallurgical and machine building industry furnaces.Investigations were conducted on a model of the ejection equipment of small high temperature kilns.Results were obtained on the change in the coefficient of ejection in relation to the geometric parameters of the ejectors and the burners, the distance between them, the pressure in the ejection channel and the working space of the kiln, and the temperature of the air ejected.A method of calculation of ejectors used in tunnel kilns is proposed.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 40–43, February, 1984.     

水泥工业用无铬碱性砖的发展情况

消除铬公害和在水泥窑内应用代用燃料促使白云石砖、尖晶石砖和镁锆砖组成的系列无铬碱性砖成功地替代着镁铬砖。当前无铬碱性砖还在不断开发和更新之中。     

Reinforcing unfired magnesia bodies and firing them without preliminary drying

Conclusions A technology has been developed in industrial conditions for strengthening unfired (green) magnesia ware based on additions to the batch of a solution of sulfite liquor. The use of this technology made it possible to set the ware from the press directly on the kiln cars.The important feature of the developed technology is the possibility of firing the ware without preliminary drying and without changing the firing schedule and output of tunnel kilns.Test ware fired in a tunnel kiln without preliminary drying, in external appearance and properties were no different from those made by the usual method.The developed technology for reinforcing the green ware made from basic bodies is recommended for use in existing plants, those being built and those being projected.Setting of freshly pressed brick of magnesia bodies directly from the press onto kiln cars is specified in the projects for new factories.     

Changes in Microstructure of Chromite Spinel During Service

A study has been made of the microstructure of chromite spinel and its changes in basic refractory brick under service conditions. Part of the changes occurring resemble those described previously for slag-free environments, frequently enhanced by extended periods of exposure. In addition, slagging by solid, liquid, and vapor phases produces interesting new spinel micro-structures in open-hearth furnace roofs and checker systems, in various furnaces of the copper industry, in rotary kilns and glass-tank checkers, and in regenerator walls.     

PROGRESS IN THE ELIMINATION OF SAGGERS IN THE FIRING OF GLOST AND BISQUE GENERAL WARE AND GLOST WALL TILE1

During the past fourteen years the use of saggers has been largely eliminated in the sanitary ware industry by the use of cars equipped with permanent superstructures of slabs and posts in muffle tunnel kilns. Methods are described by which saggers can be eliminated for firing general ware and wall tiles with correspondinn benefits.     

新型宽体节能隧道窑的开发

通过对国外陶瓷隧道窖的研究，开发出了一条既不同于我国传统窑又区别于引进窑的新型宽体节能隧道窑。     

THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING. V.—A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE NATURE OF SULPHUR EVOLUTION IN KILN-FIRING.1 (Part I)

The absorption and evolution of sulphur gases in four industrial brick kilns were studied. Curves are shown giving the cumulative amounts of sulphur entering and leaving the kilns, and of the kiln content of sulphur. Surfaces and hearts of draw trials are analyzed to show the progressive change in nature of the sulphur compounds in the ware.     

陶瓷隧道窑热耗的定量分析

利用陶瓷燃料隧道窑热耗数学模型及计算机模拟方法,得出了９种重要因素对热耗定量影响的模拟结果,并对模拟结果进行了分析,由此寻求陶瓷资料隧道窑节能的较好途径。     

Ways Toward Increasing Endurance of the Lining of Rotary Kilns

A brick mortar (the chromite-periclase filler, CPF) for the hot-face lining of rotary kilns for calcination of magnesite and its mixtures has been developed and tested. The CPF is based on a periclase-chromite mixture with the addition of aluminum and ferrophosphorus. The use of CPF makes it possible to increase the lining endurance of 90 and 170-meter rotary kilns by a factor of 2.5 and 1.5, respectively.     

Increasing the thermal efficiency of a rotary kiln for firing dolomites from various deposits

Conclusions More uniform firing of dolomite of various fractions can be achieved by reducing the upper limits of the dolomite particle size to 10–12 mm and excluding fractions < 5mm. Considering the low resistance of chrome-magnesite brick in the firing zone it is necessary to use periclase-spinel brick.The use of GVM burners for burning natural gas in rotary kilns increases the output of the kiln and reduces the consumption of fuel when burning dolomite. These burners can be recommended for installation in rotary kilns for firing magnesite, chamotte, lime, etc.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 23–26, April, 1973.     

Analyzing the heating and cooling of products in a high temperature tunnel kiln

Conclusions We developed relationships permitting us to make accurate thermal analysis of tunnel kilns.We give an analysis of the thermal work of a high temperature tunnel kiln, and explain the essential role of radiation.We demonstrate the advantages of elongating the firing zones and the cooling zones of high temperature tunnel kilns at the expense of the preheat zones.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 16–23, February 1968.