EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA-DOLOMITE LIME-SILICA GLASS*

In two base glasses, the first containing 16% of sodium oxide, 10% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, and the second with 14% of sodium oxide, 12% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, iron oxide was systematically substituted for (a) Na₂O, (b) CaO·MgO, and (c) SiO₂ in amounts of 1, 3, and 5%. The effects of these substitutions on such properties as liquidus temperature, viscosity, deformation temperature, fiber softening point, density, coefficient of expansion, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and distilled water, arc presented.     

EFFECT OF FLUORINE AND PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA-DOLOMITE LIME-SILICA GLASS*

The effect of the substitution of fluorine for silica on the viscosity, liquidus temperature, and chemical durability of a typical soda-lime glass is shown. The effects of substituting P₂O₅ for (a) silica and (b) dibasic oxides in two typical soda-lime glasses are also described.     

EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE ON SHEET-IRON COVER-ENAMEL PROPERTIES*

The effect of ZnO on sheet-iron cover-enamel properties was studied by evaluation of the properties of a typical sheet-iron cover enamel in which ZnO was used as single- and double-partial replacements for the various ingredients. The fluxing action of ZnO was found to be pronounced and it was markedly effective in decreasing frit solubility in the mill liquor. Improvement in gloss resulted from its use without any adverse effect on enamel extensibility and resistance to thermal shock.     

EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON MELTING OF GLASS*

The addition of small amounts of iron oxide (0.1 to 0.2%) to soda-lime-silica glass batches exerts a profound influence in increasing the output of glassmelting tanks as well as in favoring the production of higher quality glass. The color produced by this addition, moreover, is not objectionable for many uses of the ware. The accelerated melting rate probably is the result of a chemical effect of iron oxide in the batch and a physical property possessed by such glass to absorb radiation from the flames more efficiently. Attempts to measure these effects were made by rioting the melting rate of glasses which contain varying additions of iron oxide and by determining the temperature gradient that exists in glass when it is melted in a miniature tank. The presence of iron oxide aids melting and fining in crucible melts at 1200°C., but no effect was observed at higher temperatures. The measurement of temperature gradients in a pot holding 45 lb. of glass and heated by flames passing over the glass surface showed that the temperature gradient increases with iron oxide content.     

EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY OF IRON OXIDE IN GROUND-COAT ENAMEL GLASS*

The solubility of iron oxide in ground-coat enamel glasses at various temperatures was studied by adding varying amounts of ferric oxide to the milled enamel and giving the mixture a heat-treatment to acquire uniformity without devitrification at the desired temperature. The iron oxide solubility was obtained by finding the breaking point in the curve for iron oxide versus index of refraction. The frit solubilities were obtained at 1400°, 1600°, 1800°, and 2000°F. with variations in Na₂O, B₂O₃, A1₂O₃, CaF₂, CaO, F₂, SiO₂, COO, NiO, MnO₂, BaO, and MoO₃. Data are given on a number of commercial frits.     

环氧树脂和氧化锌对含磷化合物阻燃HIPS力学性能的影响

研究环氧树脂（EP）和氧化锌用量对含磷化合物阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）力学性能的影响。结果表明,EP可以改善含磷化合物在HIPS中的分散,提高含磷化合物阻燃HIPS的强度和刚度,但使材料的韧性下降：适量的氧化锌进一步提高了（EP-含磷化合物）复合阻燃HIPS的力学性能,当其用量为6份时,材料具有较好的综合力学性能。     

EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON DEVITRIFICATION OF SODIUM OXIDE-DOLOMITE LIME-SILICA GLASSES*

The effect of the substitution of A1₂O₃ for the oxides of sodium, silicon, calcium, and magnesium in the ratio in which they occur in dolomite on the liquidus temperatures and phase relations for glasses lying within the composition range, Na₂O 12 to 16%, CaO-MgO 0 to 20%, SiO₂ 63 to 78%, and A1₂O₃ 0 to 10%, has been determined. The results on 116 individual determinations are given. Devitrite is the primary phase in very few glasses. Several glasses were found which cannot be devitrified. A comparison of devitrification temperatures of calcite and dolomite-lime glasses is made.     

EFFECT OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF TITANIUM OXIDE CRYSTALS ON SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM-BEARING PORCELAIN ENAMELS*

Color changes of three titanium enamels given varied firing treatment were investigated. The size and shape of titanium oxide particles were studied with the electron microscope, the relative amounts of anatase and rutile were determined from X-ray analyses, and spectrophotometric curves of the fired panels were made. Electron micrographs showed that rutile particles recrystallized as needles or “sticks,” whereas anatase appeared as ill-defined, irregularly shaped, rounded particles. With increasing firing temperature or firing time (1) rutile particles showed a greater increase in size than anatase particles, (2) the amount (by weight or volume) of anatase crystals decreased and the amount of rutile crystals increased, and (3) a color change from blue-white to cream-white was observed. The change in color seemed to be related to the scattering of blue light by small particles at lower temperatures or shorter periods of firing. As the size of opacifying particles increased, the scattering of blue light decreased, and the characteristic absorption of visible light in the shorter wave lengths was more apparent. In enamels containing both anatase and rutile, the smaller anatase crystals were predominant at lower and the larger rutile crystals at higher temperatures, so that sharp changes of color were observed as the firing temperature was increased.     

THE EFFECTS OF SODA,BARIUM, AND ZINC ON THE ELASTICITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS OF GLASS1

An investigation is made of the effect, on the elasticity and expansion behavior of a base glass containing 60%, SiO₂ and 40% Na₂O, of replacing Na₂O in this glass by ZnO and BaO, respectively. The elasticity and expansion factors of the two oxides, ZnO and BaO, are determined and compared with published results. Elasticity factors of 80 for ZnO, 35 for Na₂O, and 55 for BaO are proposed. Cubical coefficient of expansion factors of 12.5 Na₂O, 5.7 for BaO, and 1.85 for ZnO are also proposed. Neither the factors of Winkelmann and Schott nor those of English and Turner fit very well the results reported in this paper.     

表面活性剂对水热合成纳米氧化锌粉性能的影响

采用水热合成制备纳米氧化锌粉。主要研究了聚乙二醇和三聚磷酸钠等七种表面活性剂对纳米氧化锌粉物相和形貌的影响。采用XRD、TEM和荧光光谱仪对样品进行了表征。结果表明:添加聚乙二醇、十六烷基三甲基溴化胺、聚乙烯醇、十二烷基硫酸钠和聚丙烯酰胺所制得的氧化锌粉是棒状,而添加了乙酰苯胺和三聚磷酸钠所制得的氧化锌粉是片状。以三聚磷酸钠为表面活性剂,所得的纳米氧化锌在383nm和571nm左右有较强的紫外光致发射峰和黄绿色光致发光峰。     

SURFACE TENSION OF GLASS AND ITS EFFECT ON CORDS*

The results of experiments with synthetic cords indicate that surface tension is the most important factor in the disappearance of cords. The viscosity relations of the glasses do not correlate with the tendency to form inhomogeneities. Fibers of higher surface tension than the base glass with which it is fused form cords, and those of lower surface tension do not. Compositions that are high in RO or A1208 tend to form inhomogeneities in glasses which have a lower content of these two constituents.     

添加氧化铈对堇青石基微晶玻璃的烧结和性能的影响

采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和差热分析等手段研究了稀土氧化铈对由熔融淬冷法制备的非化学计量组成的堇青石基微晶玻璃的相变、烧结特性和性能的影响。研究结果表明：添加氧化铈能够明显抑制μ-堇青石相的形成和促进μ-堇青石向α-堇青石的转变。氧化铈的加入降低了微晶玻璃的烧结活化能和堇青石微晶玻璃的烧结温度,添加氧化铈质量分数为4％的微晶玻璃的μ-堇青石转变为α-堇青石的最低温度约为900℃,此时烧结样品几乎完全致密化,但氧化铈加入量太多将会阻止微晶玻璃的烧结和晶化。微晶玻璃的抗折强度随氧化铈含量的增加而增加,当氧化铈为4％时样品的抗折强度达到最大值。微晶玻璃的热膨胀系数随着氧化铈含量的增加变化不大。该微晶玻璃可望应用于微电子封装领域,能够与高导电率、低成本的金属如铜、银／钯低温共烧制成电子基板材料。     

掺杂氧化铌对钛酸锶钡铁电陶瓷材料显微结构和介电性能的影响

钛酸锶钡(barium strontium titanate,BST)铁电陶瓷材料的介电常数(ε)随外加直流电场的变化呈现非线性特性.纯BST材料由于较高的ε和较大的介电损耗(tanδ)不能满足移相器介质材料的要求.通过在BST中添加氧化铌(Nb2O5)来改善BST铁电陶瓷材料的介电性能.结果表明:在BST体系中微量掺杂Nb2O5,Nb5 以取代Ti4 的方式存在于钙钛矿的晶格中,形成均匀的固溶体Ba0.5Sr0.5Ti1-xNbxO3.随Nb5 添加量的增加,Curie峰逐渐变宽,峰高逐渐降低,相变弥散效应增强.Nb5 的掺杂能显著降低并稳定BST陶瓷的tanδ,改善BST体系的介电性能.     

原料湿磨时间对硅酸盐泡沫玻璃结构与性能的影响

采用模压烧结法制备了硅酸盐泡沫玻璃,研究了原料湿磨时间与泡沫玻璃显微结构、体积密度、显气孔率及抗压和抗折强度之间的关系。利用激光粒度分析仪测试湿磨后玻璃粉D50,使用阿基米德法测试其总气孔率、显气孔率和体积密度,利用万能材料测试机测其抗压和抗折强度,SEM研究了泡沫玻璃断面的微观结构。结果表明,随着湿磨时间的延长,原料D50和样品体积密度密度都随原料湿磨时间的延长而减小,显气孔率随着湿磨时间的延长呈增大趋势,原料湿磨时间的延长使得泡沫玻璃的抗压和抗折强度减小,泡沫玻璃的孔径大小分布趋于均匀,总气孔率增大,孔壁变薄,但原料湿磨时间过长,会形成孔径不均匀的气孔。     

离子交换对硼硅酸盐平板玻璃表面组成及性能的影响

研究用低温离子交换法增强硼硅酸盐平板玻璃.以熔融KNO3作为离子交换源,分别加入少量KOH,KF和锑酸钾(K2H2Sb2O72H2O)添加剂,在玻璃转变温度以下对硼硅酸盐平板玻璃进行K -Na 离子交换处理.利用电子探针研究了离子交换前后玻璃的表面组成变化;测定了样品的显微硬度、抗折强度和透过率.研究了添加剂种类与玻璃抗折强度之间的关系.研究结果表明:经K -Na 离子交换处理后硼硅酸盐玻璃表面K 浓度增加,交换深度可达30μm.经K -Na 离子交换后硼硅酸盐平板玻璃的强度提高,其抗折强度约为交换前的3倍.     

锶掺杂铅酸钡陶瓷的热电性能

用固相反应法对BaPbO3材料进行了Sr掺杂,合成了Bal-xSrxPbO3(0≤x≤1.0)系列粉体材料.对样品进行了X射线衍射分析.通过计算获得了材料的晶胞参数随化学组分的变化规律.将粉体烧结成块状陶瓷,在300～673 K测试了该陶瓷的电导率、Seebeck系数和热导率随Sr掺杂量(x)和温度的变化情况.结果发现:随x的增加,晶胞参数(a,b,c)缩短,晶胞体积(V)收缩,晶格对称性降低.Seebeck系数的绝对值升高,热导率降低,电导率下降.当x=0.6时,BalxSrxPbO3表现出高的品质因子Z,在673 K时,Z的最大值达1.2×10-4/K.     

EFFECT OF LIGHT ON COLOR OF GLASS*

This study was restricted to soda-lime-silica glasses which contain various agents used as decolorizers in glass, such as manganese, arsenic, antimony, cerium, and neodymium oxides and metallic selenium. The prepared glass samples were exposed to the radiation from a quartz-mercury lamp, to sunlight, or to X radiation. Vistlal observation was supplemented by quantitative measurements of the color changes, using a General Electric automatic recording photoelectric spectrophotometer. Glasses which contain antimony discolor less readily than similar arsenic-bearing glasses, and cerium, lead, and iron oxides in sufficient amounts minimize the discoloration due to light. Samples exposed to X radiation are usually discolored to a yellowish brown, except in the case of some cerium and iron-bearing glasses which were practically unaffected by the same treatment. A discussion of the results and those of other investigators is given.     

表面活性剂对纳米氧化锌粉体分散性的影响

以硝酸锌、碳酸氢铵为原料,通过沉淀反应制备ZnO超细粉体。考察了制备过程中不同种类、添加量的表面活性剂(DBS、PEG、Tw-80)对ZnO粉体平均粒径的影响。试验结果表明:在沉淀过程中添加表面活性剂可抑制前驱体碱式碳酸锌的长大和团聚,制备出的ZnO粒径小,粒径分布范围窄,且Tw-80的分散效果优于DBS和PEG。     

SOME PROPERTIES OF ZINC OXIDE BODIES1

Melting Point of ZnO .—The melting point of ZnO is above 1800° C and may be above its normal sublimation point. Volume Shrinkage and Porosity of ZnO Bodies .—A very hard and dense body composed of pure ZnO can be prepared. At high temperatures it exhibits the unusual phenomenon of volume shrinkage accompanied by an increasing porosity. Zinc Retort Bodies .—In the discussion the possible advantages of incorporating zinc oxide in a zinc retort body are mentioned.