对潮州“龙窑”的探讨

龙窑是优良古窑种之一,潮州龙窑在潮州陶瓷文化占据很重要的位置,并在潮州地区广泛分布。其传统的生产工艺,特别是烧成过程的一些特性,是历代陶瓷窑炉技术改造的基础,可以说,潮州历代陶瓷业的发展,潮州龙窑功不可没。     

KILNS,FURNACES, BODIES,AND GLAZES FOR SMALL COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND EDUCATIONAL WORK1

Drawings and specifications for two small commercial kilns, one small test kiln, and a frit furnace are shown. Glazes suitable for use in the kilns are described. Shales and No. 2 fire clays are suggested for use. Reference is made to ware of commercial quality now being made in kilns of the kind indicated. Two sorts of copper red glazes are discussed and reference is made to the use of salt in effecting changes in the character of glazes. Fritted mat glazes are discussed and endorsed as superior to the raw sort, because of greater flexibility. A kiln atmosphere charged with vapors of common salt effects interesting changes in both the character of glazes and the usual colors produced by the commonly used oxides. A normally glossy, bright, and clear glaze becomes a vellumlike mat when fired in the presence of NaCl under certain conditions. A positive method of producing low-fired copper reds and lusters is described.     

SOME DATA ON THE WHITEWARE INDUSTRY OF WEST VIRGINIA1

Most of the usual types of whiteware are manufactured in West Virginia by 24 different firms. Data are given on the kinds of body raw materials used, and their geographic sources; the materials used for glazes; lawn meshes used; number and kinds periodic bisque kilns and glost kilns; number of car tunnel bisque and glost kilns; horns kilns are on fire and the cones reached in each of the various types of whiteware.     

谈中小型陶瓷企业烧成设备的改造

提出了传统陶瓷窑炉技术改造的方向 ,并以燃气梭式窑为例与传统陶瓷窑炉进行了对比分析 ,指出了对于中小型陶瓷企业来讲 ,选择燃气梭式窑对窑炉进行技术改造 ,有利于企业迅速调整产品结构 ,提高产品档次 ,消除环境污染 ,节能降耗 ,增加效益 ,使企业适应由计划经济向社会主义市场经济的转变     

Firing lightweight Dinas in a tunnel-type kiln

Conclusions The best type of stacking has been ascertained for lightweight dinas on tunnel-type kiln cars.The dinas can be fired in tunnel-type kilns together with ordinary dinas without altering the firing conditions.The lightweight dinas fired in the tunnel-type kilns included the larger types PM-17 and PM-20, so there is no doubt that standard size lightweight dinas can also be fired in these kilns.The satisfactory results of the experiments have enabled the plant to begin firing this dinas in tunnel-type kilns.     

回转窑传热过程数学模型的研究现状及其发展

介绍了各种回转窑传热过程数学模型的概况及其特点,并综述了国内外有关回转窑传热过程数学模型的研究现状及其发展。结合当前的实情,对回转窑传热过程数学模型研究领域中需进一步改进和完善的方面提出了一些建议,并展望了回转窑传热过程数学模型的发展趋势。     

工业窑炉协同处置固废研究进展

采用工业窑炉协同处置固废技术,借助工业窑炉的高温环境彻底转化分解固废,有效控制二英、重金属等二次污染,同时可节省固废专用处置设施的投资及运行费用,为工业生产替代部分所需化石燃料或生产原料,是一种科学处置固废的有效途径。本文介绍了水泥窑、钢铁冶炼窑炉、电厂燃煤锅炉、水煤浆气化炉等工业窑炉协同处置固废技术,综述了工业窑炉协同处置固废的技术研究和工程应用现状,结合固废自身特征与各行业工业窑炉特性分析其固废适用性。对比常见的固废非热处理技术、固废热处理技术,指出工业窑炉协同处置固废技术具有固废消纳潜力大、资源化利用水平高、环保效益好、无邻避效应等优点。最后对固废协同处置领域的未来发展作出了展望,水泥窑协同处置固废是率先实现行业标准、技术规范、法律法规等规定走向成熟的固废协同处置技术,而钢铁冶炼窑炉、电厂燃煤锅炉、水煤浆气化炉协同处置固废技术则更具技术优化空间和发展潜力。     

FIRING OPEN TERRA COTTA KILNS WITH GAS1

Experiments conducted with a small kiln in firing terra cotta without the use of a muffle giving satisfactory results, the large kilns at this plant were equipped for gas firing, the muffles being removed. The equipment for gas firing is described and alterations made in the kilns are explained. The general operation of the kilns is discussed. Savings obtained are enumerated. The consideration of gas as a fuel in the ceramic industry is recommended.     

Automation of high-temperature tunnel-type kilns at Zaporozh'ye Refractory Plant

Conclusions For effective automation of high-temperature tunnel-type kilns it is essential to redesign them so that the gas and air supply to individual burners can be automatically controlled.The representative measurement points selected and the trial devices worked out and tested make it possible to control automatically all the essential parameters for the heat conditions in the kiln.There has been constructed and tested a system for automatically controlling the heat conditions at one point using an extremal regulator (optimizer) and regulator for analyzing combustion products in terms of oxygen yield in order to control the air supplied for combustion. This system may be successfully employed in reconstructed kilns in which the temperature and set combustion conditions at a point ensure optimum combustion conditions.An automatic unit has been worked out for regulating temperature at separate points in the firing zone, as well as a remote-control device for feeding gas to each burner with automatic control of pressure in the injector channel. This unit makes it possible to maintain a set temperature with a high degree of accuracy in tunnel-type kilns in which there are to be separate gas and air supplies to each working burner.     

反吹风玻纤袋式除尘工艺净化水泥立窑粉尘实践与探讨

立窑水泥在中国依然占据半壁江山,其粉尘污染严重,超标排放的现象很普遍,除尘设计不合理是其中的关键因素.水泥立窑粉尘浓度波动大、粒度小,除尘难度大,旋风除尘器等无法达标,静电除尘投资较大,运行维护繁琐.反吹风玻纤袋式除尘工艺是有别于目前流行的长袋低压脉冲袋式除尘器,采用其对水泥立窑进行除尘,投资相肘较小,除尘效果良好,运行稳定,操作方便.     

INSULATION IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY1

The following subjects are discussed: (1) heat losses in ceramic kilns, (2) early attempts at reducing heat losses from kilns, (3) properties of an ideal insulation for kilns, (4) advantages of kiln insulation, and (5) various applications of heat-insulating material in the glass plant.     

Evolution of fluorine emissions during the fast firing of ceramic tile

The present paper examines the emission–adsorption phenomena of fluorine compounds in various ceramic tile body compositions with different fluorine and calcium contents, processed by fast firing cycles in an electric laboratory batch kiln and in continuous fast-cycle industrial combustion kilns (roller kilns). In the roller kilns, fluorine emission was monitored by analysing the fluorine content in both solid and gas samples throughout the kilns.It was found that fluorine emission during firing in air atmosphere in the laboratory batch kiln began at temperatures above 800 °C and increased progressively up to peak firing temperature. In the roller kilns, however, the emissions started at lower temperatures and decreased in certain kiln zones. This decrease indicates that there are regions in these kilns in which fluorine is adsorbed rather than emitted by the material being processed.A fluorine adsorption process is thus shown to occur in the preheating stage in the roller kilns, despite the rapid heating rate. However, encouraging this adsorption process in order to foster the formation of crystalline phases is ineffective in abating fluorine emissions when ceramic tiles are fired at peak temperatures exceeding 1100 °C.     

水泥窑铅镉等重金属的污染及防治

利用原子吸收分光光度法、振荡溶出等方法,研究了水泥窑铅镉等重金属污染的防治.氟会促进Pb,Cd,Zn和Cu的逸放.无论何种水泥窑,Hg逸放率高达89%～96%.Pb,Cd,Zn和Cu在不同类型水泥窑中其逸放率有明显差别,立窑的逸放率较高,Pb和Cd为84%～90%,Zn和Cu为36%～47%;湿法回转窑次之;新型干法窑的逸放率最低.使用高效的除尘设备,不仅可减少粉尘的污染,还可减少Pb等重金属的逸放.把Pb等重金属含量较高的窑灰用作水泥混合材既可使Pb等重金属被固封于水泥混凝土中不会产生二次污染,又能减少因窑灰循环入窑而导致Pb等重金属的再次逸放.     

先进隧道窑给我们的一些启示

现以原有两条108m长隧道窑与一条长64m(美国引进)卫生陶瓷煤气烧隧道窑产量比较,提出宽断面、短窑长是窑炉先进、产质量高的主要因素,并对两种窑阻力进行了分析。     

工业窑炉脱硫除尘新技术分析

对工业窑炉脱硫除尘现状进行分析,重点探究了工业窑炉脱硫除尘新技术,并制定了提高工业窑炉脱硫除尘效果的措施。     

APPLICATION OF THE DOWNDRAFT PRINCIPLE TO TUNNEL KILNS1

Down draft is established as best for producing even heat distribution in periodic and chamber kilns. Methods of applying down draft to tunnel kilns are described and illustrated.     

Drehrohrreaktoren in der Chemietechnik

Rotary kiln in chemical engineering. This review stresses the importance of rotary kilns in industry. After a brief account of design considerations, the following processes are treated: particle and product motion, longitudinal and transverse transfer of solids, mass- and heat transfer, as well as chemical reactions. Common models used for rotary kilns are discussed. Typical industrial processes employing rotary kilns are presented. The present status of control and automation of these plants are discussed.