THE DIRECT FIRED CAR TUNNEL KILN ON ROOFING TILE1

The pioneer car tunnel kiln for the firing of roofing tile is described. The kiln is 324 feet, 11 1/2 inches long and holds 52 cars each of which carries 2.3 tons of fired ware. Ten furnaces equipped with Maxon Premix combination oil and gas burners arc used. A schedule of one car every 65 minutes is in operation, 56 hours and 20 minutes being required for a trip through the kiln. The ware reaches a maximum temperature of 1820°F and is drawn from the kiln at 400°F. Additional cooling is accomplished with a portable fan. The kiln has a capacity equal to ten 30-foot round down-draft kilns and shows a fuel saving over the latter of 64.2%. A total of 15 h. p. is required. A saving in setting and drawing labor of 29.2% and 45.8% respectively is effected.     

A RECENT INSTALLATION OF A HARROP TUNNEL KILN1

The proper firing treatment for producing a large capacity of sanitary ware requires a car tunnel kiln of exceptional flexibility. A recent installation of a tunnel kiln, 360 feet 10¼ inches long, operating at cone 10 flat, is producing 540 pieces of bisque sanitary ware per day and has a firing cycle of 67½ hours. Oil is depended on entirely for fuel, there being no auxiliary gas or coal burning equipment. Humidity driers are used in connection with this tunnel kiln and derive all their heat from the waste heat of the kiln.     

THE HARROP TUNNEL KILN

The successful application of the car tunnel kiln to the firing of electrical porcelains is described. This kiln is 321 feet long, 54 1/2 inches wide inside, and has a placing height of approximately 60 inches. The ware is placed in saggers as formerly. Ware has been fired through this kiln in 48 hours-total time for heating up, soaking, and cooling. The kiln operates at cones 10, 11, and 12, depending upon the ware being fired. Natural gas is used as fuel and is supplied to the kiln through Maxon Premix burners. Auxiliary fuel oil equipment is also installed.     

NOTES ON THE OPERATION OF DIRECT FIRE TUNNEL KILNS1

The successful application of the direct fire car tunnel type kiln in firing of semivitreous chinaware is described. The bisque kiln firing to cone 9 one-half down is 332 feet 11 inches long, the placing height at middle of crown being 6 feet and the placing width 5 feet 1 inch. The glost kiln operating at cone 5 has the same placing height and width as the bisque but the length is 301 feet 1 inch long. The ware is placed in saggers as formerly. Natural gas is used as fuel and is supplied to kiln through Maxon Premix burners; an auxiliary fuel oil system can be used in case the gas is not available. After a year's operation some of the important concliisions drawn are as follows:

• 1 The heat distribution is not ideal.
• 2 There is no appreciable difference in labor cost a t this plant than in the older ones.
• 3 There is a considerable saving in fuel.
• 4 The sagger loss is much less than in the older type plants.
• 5 The direct fire tunnel kiln has proven siiccessful from the commercial standpoint in manufacturing semi-vitreous china.

     

COMPARISON OF THE EXPENSES FOR OPERATING THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF KILNS1

A comparison made of a system of six round kilns, a sixteen chamber Mendheim gas kiln, and a tunnel car kiln system Saarau shows the tunnel car kiln to have the best figures concerning amount of fuel and time of firing, but less favorable with regard to wages and amount of broken saggers. There is also a difference in the quality of the tile.     

CONTINUOUS TUNNEL KILNS AT THE PLANT OF MOUNT CLEMENS POTTERY COMPANY1,2

These two direct-fired kilns (bisque and glost) are placed end to end in a specially constructed kiln building 825 feet long. Both kilns are fired with soft coal, hand stoked. Three motors are required, aggregating 8/14 horsepower on each kiln. Hydraulic car pushers are employed. A pressure of 8100 lbs. is required to move the 44 cars thru the bisque kiln. The bisque kiln cars hold 278 dozen ware each and at a 55-minute car schedule, deliver over 7200 dozen ware per 24 hours at a fuel saving of more than 85% over the former periodic kiln operating at this plant. This bisque capacity is equivalent to that of thirteen 16/12 ft. diameter periodic kilns which would cost more to build than the bisque tunnel kiln.     

DATA ON THE OPERATION OF A CONTINUOUS TUNNEL KILN AT THE PLANT OF THE A. C. SPARK PLUG COMPANY1

This kiln has total length of 75 feet and interior width of 2 feet 8 inches. Design is based upon the idea of firing small thin mass at a rapid rate, only 12 hours being required for the burning operation. The ware, spark plug porcelain insulators. is passed through in a single, unprotected, horizontal tier, being subjected to direct fire. The kiln is operated at cone 18 half down. City gas is used, with burner equipment which is a modified form of Surface Combustion. The initial cost is low. The kiln is of simple construction, permitting rapid heating and cooling. Output depends upon ability of individual pieces of ware to safely absorb heat necessary for their vitrification. The process is patented.     

ECONOMICS OF THE CAR TUNNEL KILN

The advantages of the car tunnel kiln over the periodic kiln claimed by different designers are reviewed. The installation of a car tunnel kiln from an investment standpoint is discussed. Consideration of factory layout, capacity, nature of raw materials and the characteristics of the ware to be fired is essential in planning a tunnel kiln installation. The economic features of tunnel kilns to be investigated before buying are discussed, as are also the problems that may arise in a factory incident to the installation of this type of kiln.     

窑车磨损的修复及安全运行措施

窑车是隧道窑的重要组成部分之一,磨损窑车的及时修复及窑车在窑内的安全运行对隧道窑的正常运转及窑内的热工制度都有重要影响。我们采取焊补挡头铁的方法修复磨损窑车,使烧成状态更趋稳定,提高产品质量;通过采取对窑墙钻扒砂孔的措施,来察看及清除窑内积砂,确保窑车安全运行及隧道窑的正常运转。     

宽断面隧道窑综合热耗的计算机仿真

对原型先进窑炉结合实际测定和理论计算研究的基础上,应用热工理论和软件技术研究了宽断面隧道窑的综合热耗与窑炉结构、材质、燃料以及产品烧成曲线之间的关系,应用计算机模拟仿真,优化各项参数,可以简单而导致地在输入参数下得到相应条件下的烧成温度曲线和综合热耗的最佳值,并作了举例说明。     

新型节能窑车的研制

针对当今在日用陶瓷隧道窑内使用传统窑车耗能高、炸裂严重等问题．研制了新型节能客车。该种害车采用了灰渣骨料轻质衬砖、型钢框架。经试验表明，整体性能好、热稳定性高、蓄热量明显减少、炸裂现象近乎消除。     

卫生瓷隧道窑通过窑车漏风量的计算机仿真

通过对一个实际的隧道窑作合理的简化假设,建立了合适的漏风量数学模型,并采用VB语言编程,对隧道窑通过窑车的漏风量进行了计算机仿真,仿真结果表明,减小曲封间隙和料垛阻力可以减少漏风量,改善隧道窑的工作状况,从而达到节能与提高产品质量的目的.     

Firing dinas in a tunnel kiln with natural gas

Conclusions The firing of products for open-hearth, cooking, and glass furnaces and electric-steel furnaces was developed in a tunnel kiln 180 m long. Firing can be done on a level with other types of fuel with natural gas, the combustion of which should be done with double duct burners.For the firing of dinas products it is necessary to prolong the firing zone and this permits maximum temperatures to operate over a large section. With an annual output of 55,000 tons of products, the goods in the kiln are well cooled. The temperature of the goods upon discharge from the kiln does not exceed 40–50°C.During a four-year working period the factory staff substantially improved the working factors of the kiln. The specific fuel consumption for firing products in a tunnel kiln of this type is very low.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 22–25, August, 1969.     

窑车轻型化改进初探

本文论述了国外某隧道窑窑车设计改进后的经济效果和节能分析,说明了窑车设计轻型化和低蓄热化的经济性与必要性。     

浅谈大断面隧道窑吊顶结构的改进

对国内砖瓦行业大断面隧道窑的窑顶结构形式及其在实际生产中的问题进行了分析,结合新型耐火材料的发展,对当今主要吊顶结构形式提出一些改进措施。     

PLC在全自动隧道窑上的运用

本文详细介绍了PLC在全自动隧道窑的主控制、窑头控制、窑尾控制系统中的运用。PLC可以对窑炉的风机系统、窑车自动循环系统、燃烧系统、电机超载及各温度、压力故障进行有效的控制和报警。通过PLC编程电路的控制,可以很方便地实现整个窑炉运行的安全可靠。     

STOKER APPLICATION TO THE CAR TUNNEL KILN1

Presents arguments for use of mechanical stoker on continuous kilns. Describes first practical application of mechanical stoker to the car tunnel kiln used for ceramics and gives results.     

A RAPID-FIRE TUNNEL KILN DESIGNED FOR SMALL PRODUCTION1

A miniature tunnel kiln was designed to fire spark plug porcelain to cone 17. It is capable of producing about 10,000 porcelains daily. The total firing time is only slightly more than two hours. The kiln, its operation and efficiency is detailed.     

双窑道燃气节能轻体隧道窑的设计与应用

实用双窑道燃气节能轻体隧道窑属于一种连续式燃气窑炉 ,窑炉上下两窑道重叠 ,下窑道为明焰窑车式 ,上通道为半马弗推板窑。下窑车式隧道窑使用清洁的气体燃料明焰裸烧产品 ,上半马弗推板窑利用下窑道的烟气和余热焙烧产品 ,且上下排热孔相互贯通