MOISTURE EXPANSION OF GLAZES AND OTHER CERAMIC FINISHES1

Research for ascertaining why some glazes are more resistant to “moisture crazing” than others revealed the fact that certain glazes expand, because of the action of water, similarly to some of the ceramic bodies t o which they are applied. Although a control of this type of expansion is very important in fitting glazes to bodies, it has not been previously considered. Its importance should be evident at once when it is considered that a large “moisture expansion” in a glaze or other finish is in many cases an indication that the glaze will not be so liable to craze when the ceramic ware or material on which it is used is exposed to moisture. This follows since the glaze and the body on which it goes and which is ordinarily very susceptible to this kind of expansion will then increase in size simultaneously and more nearly at the same rate. Such conditions lessen the tendency of the body expansion to cause tensile stresses in the glaze. In this investigation specimens of various finishes were subjected to steam at 150 pounds per square inch for an hour because it was known that this treatment of such materials produces effects similar to those caused by long exposure to weather. This artificial weathering treatment caused in lustrous glazes an average expansion of 0.004%, in mat glazes 0.011%, in vitreous slip finishes 0.005%, and in porous slip finishes 0.033%. The moisture expansion of one of the mat glazes was 30% of the average obtained for a ceramic body having an absorption of approximately 12%. This proclivity of ceramic finishes to expand by the absorption of moisture can be controlled in their manufacture.     

THE WITCHERY OF GLAZES1

A paper showing the extent of research possible in glazes and the fascination of the work in that field. It is implied that the general chemist has little to offer to shorten the road that must be followed and that the work is reward enough for the labor involved. It is shown that the artistic temperament functions in this work along with the scientific temperament.     

METHOD OF MEASURING STRAINS BETWEEN GLAZES AND CERAMIC BODIES1

A new test was developed for comparing the strains existing between different glazes or other ceramic finishes and the bodies to which they are applied. By its use these strains may be so adjusted that the finishes will be in suflicient compression to prevent crazing from subsequent expansion of the body without causing initial shivering. The new test is particularly valuable because the measuremen & are made on combinations of glaze and body prepared and treated almost exactly like those intended for regular use and because of the simplicity and cheapness of the apparatus required. A modification of the test provides a comparison of the moisture expansions of different bodies.     

模糊最优化方法在陶瓷配方设计中的应用

本文首次将模糊最优化方法应用于陶瓷配方设计。讨论了多种因素影响的模糊条件下如何获得成本最低的陶瓷配方设计方案 ,并介绍了用Matlab数学软件求模糊最优化问题的最优解。通过举例从多角度阐述了陶瓷配方设计的模糊最优化问题的求解方法     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE TO ABRASION OF CERAMIC GLAZES,ITS CONTROL AND METHODS OF DETERMINATION1

Two test methods, one using an Ingersoll glarimeter to obtain results of a high degree of accuracy, and the other simpler “alternate method” for plant control, are described in detail. Tests on commercial hotel chinaware showed the average resistance of foreign ware was higher than that of the domestic and the variation from the average was, in general, less. Experimental glazes were prepared to study the effect on resistance, of: (1) varying SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ content, (2) glaze thickness, and (3) firing treatment. Data obtained are insufficient to justify definite conclusions regarding the effect of varying SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, but do show the resistance of well-matured glazes to be inversely proportional to thickness, a decrease in resistance as the tendency to matt increases, a markedly increased resistance by the higher glost fire. That type of body affects resistance less than do glaze composition and temperature of glost fire.     

浅谈陶瓷产品效果图的数字表现

随着我国设计行业的蓬勃发展和计算机辅助设计软件的广泛应用，产品效果图的绘制也逐渐由传统的手绘表现手法向计算机数字表现手法转换。本文就陶瓷产品效果图的数字表现方法的分类及表现过程进行阐述，并对其未来的发展做出展望。     

中国陶瓷纹饰的时空再现——以日本陶瓷柿佑卫门为例

日本陶瓷柿右卫门风格,开创了釉上赤绘工艺,取得了巨大的艺术成就。作品洁净典雅,被中国和荷兰人所喜爱,大量产品运往欧洲。欧洲在18世纪初,开始能够制作瓷器,此时德国、法国、意大利等地的窑场都曾大量仿制日本的柿右卫门瓷器。柿佑卫门风格的形成,具有典型的民族特色,但在艺术价值形成的过程中不可或缺的是中国陶瓷文化的影响。其中以纹样形式最为典型。     

A STUDY OF THE CONSISTENCIES OF RAW TERRA COTTA GLAZES1

For measuring consistencies of glazes, a method was used based on the conception of glazes as plastic materials. A normal glaze thinned during the entire period of testing, being attended by a large decrease in yield value and a moderate increase in mobility. Use of an aged clay slip as a source of clay did not change the plastic properties or aging characteristics of the glaze. Heating a freshly milled glaze resulted in a consistency comparable with that developed by aging a normal glaze for a month. Water solubilities of glaze materials were determined as well as character and concentrations of soluble salts in mill liquors and P_H values of mill liquors. Solution of salts was progressive over a period of time and increasing alkalinity was probably the cause of spontaneous thinning. Gum arabic in proper amount was found to stabilize glaze consistency satisfactorily. Effects of acid, alkali, and water additions to gum-bearing and gumless glazes were studied.     

NOTE ON THE HARDNESS OF GLAZES1

Method of measurement.—The apparatus used (figure 1) consisted of a hardened tungsten-steel point which was allowed to bear on the glaze surface for 3 min. under a pressure of 50 lbs. The hardness was then computed from the dimensions of the resulting indentation. Results were reproducible to about 5 per cent. (See table III.) The presence of ridges and bubbles in the glaze was the principal cause of discordant readings. Results and conclusions.—The enamels show the lowest and the porcelain glazes the greatest hardness, while the whiteware glazes occupy an intermediate position. The difference in hardness between the enamels and the whiteware glazes is quite marked. There is also a rather well defined difference between the whiteware and the porcelain glazes, but not a sharp separation between the lower and the higher fired porcelain glazes. Enough evidence has been accumulated to show that increased firing of the same glaze will increase the hardness. It appears also that increase in the alumina content brings about greater hardness.     

日用陶瓷设计的夸张表现之美

用户需求市场的多样化对日用陶瓷产品设计提出了不同的要求。通过夸张表现手法的运用可以营造日用陶瓷产品的个性,增强其感染力,能够达到新颖奇特的突出效果。针对产品夸张表现,介绍了日用陶瓷设计的夸张美感,对形态夸张、功能夸张、意象夸张、表面装饰夸张等表现手法进行论述,指出夸张手法的合理运用有利于创造出符合消费者个性及审美需求的日用陶瓷产品。     

釉色在现代陶艺创作中的运用与表现

作者的观点认为随着现代陶艺的发展,釉色在现代陶艺中有着决定成败的至关重要的作用.那么怎样才能使釉色这一因素在现代陶艺中发挥作用呢?作者先从分析釉料的属性、种类,施釉的方法和烧成等方面入手,让读者对釉材料有一个初步的认识,然后通过以国际上一些知名陶艺家的作品作为个案进行分析,分析他们是怎样运用釉色材料的特性,在自己的陶艺作品中表现的,同时也结合了自己作品的创作感想,浅谈了一点个人的表现方法.对釉色在陶艺作品中的运用是非常重要的,我们就是应该对它重新认识和借鉴外来的先进经验,从而使我们为中国的现代陶艺找到一个正确的表现之路.     

METHODS FOR TESTING CRAZING OF GLAZES CAUSED BY INCREASES IN SIZE OF CERAMIC BODIES1

Investigations to determine the causes of a type of crazing which develops on certain glazed ceramic wares, some time after firing, revealed the fact that in many cases such crazing is caused by an expansion of the body. This is probably due to the combination of water with the body, while the glaze remains practically constant in size. A body may be tested for this type of crazing by placing the glazed specimens in an autoclave and subjecting them to a steam pressure of 150 to 175 pounds per square inch for one hour. Bodies showing the least tendency to develop this type of crazing are those which have a low porosity, are not very soluble in sulphuric acid, and have a low ignition loss above 110°C.     

I. DELAYED THERMAL CONTRACTION AND CRAZING OF CERAMIC GLAZES

Experimental rods, glazed with sixteen different glazes, representing various possible types of earthenware glazes, were tested in the Steger stress-measuring apparatus before and after five years of airtight storage. The original stress of all the glazes remained constant within the limit of accuracy of the method, indicating that the delayed thermal contraction of the glazes is negligible.     

EFFECT OF FIRING ATMOSPHERE ON DEVELOPMENT OF COLORS IN CERAMIC GLAZES*

The effect of systematic variations in atmosphere between 100% oxidizing and 100% neutral was noted. The principles and definitions of color designation are given and possible physicochemical changes which result in color variation are considered. Experimental data indicate the relative stability of typical colors under atmospheric variations.     

丁二酮肟吸光光度法测定陶瓷色釉料中的镍

当有氧化剂存在时，在氨性溶液中，镍与丁二酮肟生成酒红色的络合物。借此可作镍的比色测定。若离子本身有颜色，则影响测定，但可用空白校正。     

A SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE OF MIXING COLORED GLAZES1

A simple method of mixing colored glazes is discussed, using one base glaze, by means of curves plotted from predetermined values for the percentage of solids and ounces per pint in both base glaze and colored stains.     

THE ORGANIZATION OF A DECORATIVE CERAMIC RESEARCH DEPARTMENT1

Artistic development has been slow in the clay industries and has not yet arrived at that stage where it can be legitimately considered a functioning organization activity. A research organization is a business activity and not a purely scientific venture. Therefore, it is incomplete if it concentrates on any one essential branch of the industry to the exclusion of the others. Future business possibilities are obviously the main activities. A budget should be arranged to cover a definite period and a program to provide for a definite result since research work involves considerable expenditure in labor and equipment. The typical art pottery organization is described, giving the qualifications of the various plant executives and directing heads. The research program in relation to losses is discussed. The types of losses are classified. The investment required in connection with a typical organization of a stated size is outlined. The development program with the results for the first twelve months and the year's results against the expenditures are summarized. The position occupied by the clay working industries in comparison to other national industries is discussed.     

绿色透明釉的研制

采用铅硼釉为透明釉的基础釉,氧化铜和氧化铬为着色氧化物,通过分析氧化铜、氧化铬、添加剂、保温时间对透明釉呈色的影响,借助于偏光显微镜对其析晶性能进行观察。结果表明：氧化铜和氧化铬的比例为1：1时釉呈现翠绿色;氧化镁的加入量为2%-3%有利发于发色;保温时间小于15min不会析出铬金星。     

THE EFFECT OF FURNACE ATMOSPHERES ON THE QUALITY OF CERTAIN TYPES OF GLAZES1

A research sponsored by the American Gas Association was begun at Rutgers University in January, 1929. One phase of this research is the determination of the effect of furnace atmospheres on glazes, By maintaining carefully controlled conditions all variables were eliminated except that of atmosphere. Tests were made in many atmospheres using several different glazes. These atmospheres were formed either of the individual products of combustion, of combinations of gases which simulated actual furnace conditions, or of the products of combustion of city gas.     

A MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF STRESSES IN GLAZES1

Stresses in glazes are studied making use of the microscopic method. The investigation indicates that differential coefficient of expansion is partially responsible for stresses in glazes.