低温下真空多层绝热材料导热系数的测试

介绍了低温下真空多层绝缘热材料导热系数的测试，在相同的条件下对各种材料作了对比试验，结果表明，由２３３材料组成的绝热全基热性能优于其它材料，因此如何改善和提高多层绝热材料的性能，是摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。     

低温导热系数测试研究进展

导热系数是表征绝热材料绝热性能的最重要的热物性参数,对于低温绝热材料导热系数的研究是研究低温绝热材料的关键。不同类型的绝热材料需要不同的测试装置,文章主要总结了几种低温绝热材料的导热系数测试装置及其国内外相关研究情况。相关装置主要有:平板法、同心圆柱法、同心球法和蒸发量法等。粉末类绝热材料是一类重要的低温绝热材料,发展相关的低温绝热性能测试方法及装置非常重要,以便能够得到真实可靠的实验数据,进一步制作经济、高效的低温绝热体系。     

霜层综合导热系数的研究

提出了霜层综合导热系数概念。认为霜层导热系数除了应考虑霜层结构复杂性还应计及蒸汽凝华潜热释放的影响。从霜层能量平衡分析出发，导出霜层综合导热系数是霜层有效导热系数和蒸汽有效导热系数之和。据此计算的霜层综合导热系数与实验数据符合较好。     

多层绝热在排气过程中层间压强的分布

自从彼德提出多层绝热的工作原理以来,多层绝热在科学和工业上得到了广泛的应用,并成为目前最理想的高真空绝热方法。但是若用量热器测定绝热材料表观导热系数时,发现理论值和实际值差别很大,斯卡洛尔和索尔提出,在多层绝热容器中可能存在不同的压     

低温平板导热仪投入使用

<正>为大型空分设备采用普通块状泡沫绝热材料提供设计数据的平板导热仪,已由杭州制氧机研究所完成研制工作,经1982年8月所内初步评定结果,可投入测试使用。该平板仪根据无限大平板热稳定导热原理,用液体汽化率测出所传递的热量来计算出非金属平板绝热材料的低温有效导热系数,更符合绝热材料的实际使用情况。     

航天器用十一种热控材料热物理性质及其与显微组织和工艺因素关系的研究

应用自行研制的激光脉冲法热导仪、小平板稳态法热导仪、铜卡计和冰卡计法比热仪, 对航天器用的十一种热控材料的导热系数、导温系数和比热及其与材料显微组织和工艺因素的关系进行了实验研究. 结果表明, 在室温至1800℃温区内, 绝热材料和防热材料的导热系数均随温度升高而增大, 多孔绝热材料的有效导热系数是由多种导热因子相互作用的结果, 并存在对应于最小导热系数的最佳密度. 所得数据为热控材料的优选提供了科学判据, 亦为航天器的热控系统热设计提供了参数.     

多层绝热材料试样300—77K表观热导率测试台研制

为了更好的评估多层绝热材料在实际应用中的性能,依据国际上通用的表观导热率测试方法,搭建了相关实验台,给出了其单一高真空下的数据及某多层绝热材料在300—77 K温区随不同真空度下的数据,验证了所研制实验台的有效性,为将来建立绝热材料基础数据奠定了基础。     

硅酸铝耐火纤维的绝热性能

分析了耐火纤维绝热材料的换热特性。建立了一个纤维材料有效导热系数与平均温度、空气导热系数、纤维材料密度和衰减系数的理论关系式。以硅酸铝耐火纤维为试样,通过实验得出衰减系数与温度、密度的关系。理论式与实验结果吻合。     

空间环境下纤维织物绝热材料隔热性能评价与仿真验证

本文以天宫二号空间材料炉多层隔热系统中纤维织物绝热材料为研究对象, 采用空间环境等效试验条件表征研究了织物有效导热系数随在轨温度和压强的变化, 结合微观传热机理对结果进行了分析, 根据表征结果对不同工况下炉内温度场进行了模拟。结果表明: 纤维织物有效导热系数随温度升高非线性增大, 压强越低, 增长越平缓; 随压强降低以指数函数趋势衰减且存在临界压强; 辐射与气相导热是影响空间环境下纤维织物传热性能的主要因素; 炉内温场计算值与匹配实验实测温度整体趋势吻合良好, 炉中心温度最大计算误差为实测温度的 1.3%。该方法更合理地评价了多层纤维材料在使用工况下的绝热性能, 从而有助于建立准确度更高的热仿真模型。     

高温真空多层隔热材料制备及其热物性研究

研制成功一种用于高温目的的真空高效隔热材料(以下简称高温多层隔热材料),该材料由铝箔或镍箔与石英纤维席复合而成。测量了该材料从室温到1000℃的有效导热系数,研究了铝箔和镍箔表面发射率、层密度和真空度对多层隔热材料有效导热系数的影响。结果表明该材料有效导热系数低于一般隔热材料约1～2个数量级。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...