蛋白质在挤压蒸煮过程中的变化

蛋白质在挤压蒸煮过程中的变化前言蛋白物料的挤压蒸煮是现代比较先进的加工工艺，第一篇关于植物蛋白组织化的专利登记于１９６６年。挤压蒸煮的优点很多，但作为它的一项专门用途，即用在植物蛋白肉的制造上并没达到人们预期的结果。尽管需考虑的因素很多，包括经济因素...     

双螺杆蒸煮挤压术技及其在食品工业中的应用

近几年来,双螺杆蒸煮挤压技术在国外食品工业中得到了很大的发展,目前已广泛用于加工方便食品、小吃食品、断奶食品、儿童食品、动物饲料、鱼饲料、植物蛋白等。这项新技术在国内尚处于刚刚起步阶段。最近,我们从意大利引进了一台双螺杜蒸煮挤压机,现已正式投入使用。本文着重介绍该机的性能特点和产品的生产过程,以引起食品工业界对些技术的重视,推动这项新技术在我国的发展。     

植物蛋白加工科技研究进展与展望

植物蛋白是一种可持续的重要蛋白来源。以植物蛋白补充或代替部分动物蛋白的不足，已成为食品产业科技的研究热点。本文主要介绍目前国内外植物蛋白的结构解析和柔性化加工理论，阐述植物蛋白加工技术原理及其研究进展，植物蛋白在食品工业的应用情况，指出存在的问题与发展趋势，以期为未来植物蛋白加工科技研究与开发提供思路和参考。     

超高压技术在食品植物蛋白加工中的应用研究进展

超高压技术是近年来食品工程领域热点研究高新技术之一。本文综述了超高压技术在大豆蛋白、小麦蛋白、大米蛋白、花生蛋白、鹰嘴豆蛋白等植物蛋白加工改性中的应用现状,分析了超高压技术在食品植物蛋白加工中存在的问题并探讨了其今后主要发展方向。     

改性植物蛋白的研究及应用

简要介绍了植物蛋白的功能性质及改性方法,重点综述改性植物蛋白在食品加工中的应用,并展望改性植物蛋白在食品加工中的应用前景.     

植物蛋白素肉原料与工艺的研究进展

为缓解肉类供给不足的压力,以营养价值较高的植物蛋白素肉产品替代传统肉类成为食品研究发展的新方向。然而,目前缺少对植物蛋白素肉的产品配方、加工技术、产品品质、消费者态度等的系统综述。因此,该文总结了植物蛋白素肉的组成成分及其对产品品质的影响,分析了植物蛋白素肉在加工过程中所应用的加工技术及在质构、颜色、风味、营养方面的品质现状,进而阐述了植物蛋白素肉的市场接受程度,以期促进植物蛋白素肉科学研究的进一步发展,并促进其产品市场的扩大化。     

植物蛋白与乳蛋白在肉制品加工中的应用

植物蛋白和乳蛋白由于具有较高的营养价值和优良的功能特性,作为食品配料被广泛应用于肉类工业。本文简要介绍了肉制品加工中使用的植物蛋白与乳蛋白、植物蛋白与乳蛋白在肉制品加工中应用的主要功能特性及植物蛋白与乳蛋白在肉制品加工中的作用。     

新型物理改性技术改善植物蛋白加工特性研究进展

植物蛋白相对于动物源性蛋白更加健康,并且更容易被人体消化和吸收,由此获得大量的市场需求。然而,植物蛋白较低的溶解性等加工特性,限制了其在食品中的应用。因具有更好功能特性的蛋白质的需求不断增加,故需应用不同热处理和非热处理的物理加工技术来修饰植物蛋白质。新型物理加工技术在植物蛋白质改性中可以替代低能效、高强度热处理的加工方法。本文综述新型物理改性方法用于植物蛋白质功能修饰的机理以及对蛋白质功能特性的影响,旨在为后续工业加工中提升植物蛋白附加值提供理论参考。     

淀粉在造纸工业中的应用及淀粉蒸汽喷射蒸煮工艺与设备的进展

介绍了淀粉在造纸工业中的应用及淀粉蒸汽喷射蒸煮工艺及设备;介绍了水热器的结构、原理、节能效果及水热器在淀粉蒸煮工艺中的应用与进展。     

谷物食品蒸煮挤压加工技术

阐述了蒸煮挤压技术的特点、蒸煮挤压的种类及工作过程,并较全面地介绍了应用蒸煮挤压技术加工谷物食品的生产工艺。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.