Measurement,simulation on dynamic characteristics of a wire gauze–fluid damping shock absorber

A new kind of shock absorber with Coulomb–fluid damping through coupling oil, wire gauze, rubber and spring by ingenious tactics is designed for reinforcement of electronic-information equipment in atrocious vibration and impact. The physical mechanism of the shock absorber is systematically investigated. The key-model machine shows complex non-linear dynamic characteristics in multi-parameter coupling dynamic test; otherwise, it has a good dynamic performance for attenuating vibration and resisting violent impact. Based on this, the non-linear dynamic model for attenuating vibration mode of the shock absorber is presented by analysing coupling physical mechanism of fluid and Coulomb friction and other factors for designing the shock absorber with high validity. The analytical results obtained in experimental data have been compared with the numerical ones obtained by performing the Runge–Kutta method with the mathematical model. As the model results agree well with the test data, it can be used for engineering design.     

Frequency response of non-linear single degree-of-freedom systems

Simple linear Kelvin or Maxwell models cannot predict adequately the response of many practical systems to vibration excitation. A more realistic model consisting of a mass between two preloaded non-linear (cubic elasticity springs) and restrained by a Coulomb and viscous damper is proposed. A harmonic motion solution, satisfying “on the average” the non-linear differential equation of motion of the model is developed whereby equations for frequency response curves are obtained. Expressions for relative and absolute transmissibility as well as their values at resonance are developed, these are shown to properly reduce to the respective exact expressions of a Kelvin model and friction damped linear spring. Although the model is intended mainly for quantitative design in packaging engineering problems, it is suitable for studying general vibration isolation problems as well.     

FEA for vibrated structures with non-linear concentrated spring having hysteresis

This paper describes vibration analysis using finite element method for structures connected with non-linear concentrated spring. The restoring force of the spring is assumed to be expressed as power series of displacement. The restoring force also has linear hysteresis damping. Thus, complex stiffness is introduced for the linear component of the restoring force. Finite element for the spring is expressed and is connected to viscoelastic structures modelled by linear solid finite elements. Further, the discretised equations in physical coordinate are transformed into the non-linear ordinary coupled equations using normal coordinate corresponding to linear natural modes. Note that modal damping is also transformed in this procedure. The transformed equations were integrated numerically in fairly small degree of freedom. This transformation yields computation efficiency. Effectiveness of this analysis was shown for a basic block-spring model. And then, this numerical method was applied for a sophisticated measurement system named as the Levitation Mass Method proposed by Fujii for evaluating viscoelastic parameters.     

车辆发动机悬架系统现状与进展

理想的发动机悬架系统应隔离发动机工作转速范围内由发动机干扰力所引起的发动机振动，并阻止由冲击而激起的发动机弹跳，这意味着发动机悬架的动态刚度和阻尼是与频率和振幅有关的，改善依赖于频率和振幅特性的动态刚度与阻尼是发动机悬架系统发展的关键所在。传统的弹性悬架不能满足所有的要求，它仅能在静偏转和隔振之间进行折衷，特别在低频域，被动的液压悬架能比弹性悬架提供更好的特性，通常半主动技术，由于其可调性而被用来进一步改善液压悬架的特性，为了隔振、低频时主动发动机悬架系统非常硬，而在高频域内被调整的非常软，主动的发动机悬架已被认为是发动机悬架的新一代，发动机悬架系统的优化是相当可取的，但发动机悬架的优化工作出现一些局限性，文中综述国内，外发动机悬架技术的现状与进展。     

一个新的非线性迟滞隔振系统动力学模型

提出了一个新的非线性迟滞隔振系统的动力学模型,并导出了系统动力学模型的实用表达式。该模型由非线性刚度和非线性阻尼构造,迟滞非线性阻尼力被表示为位移的函数,从而使数值计算变得简单易行,试验中的测量工作减少。模型中的各个参数物理意义明晰,各阶刚度系数能很好地反映系统中存在的线性和非线性特性,而阻尼函数能很好地反映系统的迟滞和耗能特性,运用阻尼函数还可对隔振系统中可能存在的干摩擦阻尼、粘性阻尼及高阶阻尼等各种阻尼成分进行有效的识别。     

磁流变发动机悬置的参数化建模与辨识

研究频变、磁变效应下的磁流变悬置的力学模型建立问题。以某磁流变悬置为例,根据Bingham模型,将悬置恢复力分为库仑阻尼力、弹性恢复力,黏性阻尼力三部分;通过分析各部分力与频率、磁场的相关性分析,提出一种改进的多项式Bingham参数化模型。该模型以外部电流、外载频率为变量,通过推导外部位移激励的能量耗散、储存关系,提出该多项式模型中九个待识别参数的辨识方法。设计了试验方案,并通过真实试验测试各种工况下该挤压式磁流变悬置的恢复力-位移关系,根据所提方法,得到在不同工况下的磁流变悬置的恢复力随电流、外载频率变化的关系。对比试验结果表明,该参数化模型在动刚度、滞后角以及滞回曲线上能良好地反映悬置的宽频段动力学特性。     

弹性支承隔振和机床可移动性的试验研究

文章通过建立机床／刀困二阶振动模型及对机床不设备弹性隔／减振的试验研究和试验数据的回归分析,研究了弹性减振器的性能特点及选用原则,论证了在一定条件采用弹性隔／减振方案实现机床可移动性安装的可行性,提出一组机床重组后的安装性能评价指标。     

无谐振隔振系统冲击隔离的参数优化

本文分析了具有低固有频率的无谐振隔振系统受冲击激励时的响应,利用库仑力的运动特性,对系统中所采用的库仑阻尼进行分段处理,并对系统进行参数优化。在保持隔振效率的前提下,寻找一组符合实际工况的冲击隔离参数,从而解决了在工程应用中振动和冲击不能廉顾的“矛盾”。     

PARAMETRIC MATCHING SELECTION OF MULTI-MEDIUM COUPLING SHOCK ABSORBER

To achieve the dual demand of resisting violent impact and attenuating vibration in vibration-impact-safety of protection for precision equipment such as MEMS packaging system, a theoretical mathematical model of multi-medium coupling shock absorber is presented. The coupling of quadratic damping, linear damping, Coulomb damping and nonlinear spring are considered in the model. The approximate theoretical calculating formulae are deduced by introducing transformation-tactics. The contrasts between the analytical results and numerical integration results are developed. The resisting impact characteristics of the model are also analyzed in progress. In the meantime, the optimum model of the parameters matching selection for design of the shock absorber is built. The example design is illustrated to confirm the validity of the modeling method and the theoretical solution.     

非线性迟滞系统建模方法

针对一类迟滞非线性系统的动力学建模,提出了一种新的建模方法。该模型用高次非对称弹性力、粘性阻尼力及双折线记忆恢复力的机理构造,识别时应先采用分离算法识别各刚度和阻尼系数,再建立其与振幅和频率的函数关系。用所建模型重构的恢复力－位移迟滞回线表明：该模型能很好地描述这类非线性振动系统的特性,提出的建模及参数识别方法实用且有效。     

EXPERIMENTAL AND MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF AN OIL-AIR COUPLING SHOCK ABSORBER

The physical mechanism of the actual shock absorber with multi-types of damping and non-linear stiffness through coupling the oil, air, rubber and spring by ingenious devices is systematically investigated. The experimental results of the key-model machine in multi-parameter coupling dynamic test show complex non-linearity dynamic characteristics. Based on this, the non-linear dynamic model for the shock absorber is presented by analysing the internal fluid dynamic phenomenon with respect to the shock absorber. Comparisons with experimental data confirm the validity of the model. Using the model, it is possible to evaluate the importance of different factors for designing the shock absorber.     

振幅对金属橡胶材料疲劳寿命的影响分析

对设计制作的固支圆盘形金属橡胶试件进行了疲劳试验,研究了振幅对金属橡胶材料疲劳寿命的影响。提出了割线刚度和等效黏性阻尼系数两个疲劳参数,分析了疲劳加载过程中承载能力和耗能能力随振动周次的变化趋势,并以疲劳参数为基础建立了金属橡胶材料疲劳损伤与振动周次的数学模型。结果表明,小振幅的初始稳定加载有助于改善金属丝线的力学特性,提高金属橡胶材料的承载能力和耗能能力,而振幅的增大会导致金属橡胶材料疲劳寿命的迅速缩短。     

金属橡胶材料宏观和细观力学模型

用等效粘性阻尼理论和试验相结合,建立金属橡胶材料动态模型,把复杂的金属橡胶材料的阻尼耗能机理等效为粘性阻尼,金属橡胶的恢复力由高阶非线性多项式和等效的粘性阻尼力叠加而成;为了进一步研究刚度系数,从金属橡胶的变形特征出发,推导出金属橡胶材料应力应变关系的细观力学模型,通过试验对所建模型进行验证,结果表明：模型能很好描述金属橡胶材料在非线性振动系统的特性,模型中的参数值,对于研究金属橡胶材料的动态特性,具有重要的参考价值。     

基于功率键合图理论的油气弹簧悬架仿真分析

基于功率键合图理论建立了全路面起重机双气室油气弹簧悬架系统非线性数学模型,构造了路面不平度时间函数,并在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行仿真,分析了油气悬架缸主要参数对车辆振动规律的影响,验证了油气弹簧悬架的非线性阻尼特性和非线性刚度特性,证明了功率键合图理论在此领域的可行性和功率键合模型的正确性,为进一步的整车仿真和控制策略研究提供了理论依据。     

液压减振器散热性能研究

液压减振器是通过消耗机械能实现减振目的的装置,但目前其散热效果并不理想,温度升高导致了减振器整体性能下降。利用路面不平度激励模型、悬架系统振动模型、热量传递模型,通过能量守恒定律建立了液压减振器的热力学平衡数学模型。综合考虑油液泄漏特性、密封特性以及液压减振器阻尼性能界定其许用油温。对液压减振器散热参数进行了分析研究,且试验结果表明分析模型与设计方法正确,为减振器的设计提供参考。     

空间光学载荷探测器组件抗冲击隔振设计

针对广角极光成像仪整机Z向冲击试验后探测器损坏的问题,提出在镜头组件与头部框架间设置隔振器的解决方法。首先,确定隔振方案为被动局部隔振;然后,从材料、刚度和安装方式等方面完成金属橡胶隔振器的设计。接着,运用有限元方法对结构进行模态分析和冲击载荷响应仿真分析。最后,对广角极光成像仪整机产品进行了力学实验,实验结果与仿真分析结果一致。实验结果显示:安装隔振器后,探测器位置测点的正弦振动加速度响应最大降低了26.2%,随机振动加速度响应最大降低了72%,冲击加速度响应最大降低了48%,说明该隔振器具有显著的减振效果。在实验完成后对产品进行检测,发现产品并无异常,说明结构设计满足要求。     

电动服装剪裁机的振动实验分析

本文利用锤击激振实验测试方法和微机动态信号测试与分析技术，对电动服装剪裁机进行了振动实验分析，确定了该机振动的频率结构和振动类型；并在对振动信号传函分析的基础上，利用Ｎｙｑｕｉｓｔ曲线拟合方法进行模态识别，得到其各阶固有频率及阻尼比等参数，为电动服装剪裁机动态性能的改进提供了有益的参考．     

Motion mode of the optimal damping particle in particle dampers

To explore the optimal damping mechanism of Particle dampers (PDs), experimental studies on the relationship between the optimal damping performance of PDs and the motion mode of damping particles in PDs were conducted. First, the damping performance of PDs under a certain initial condition was investigated via cantilever system experiments. Then a simple evaluation of the effective mass and effective damping of PDs was performed by fitting the experimental data to an equivalent Single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system without damping particles. Finally, the motion mode of damping particles playing the optimal damping effect was determined by vibration table tests with the corresponding control parameters used in the cantilever system experiments. The study results indicate that when the optimal damping performance of PDs is obtained, the granular Leidenfrost effect, whereby the entire damping particle bed is levitated above the vibrating base by a layer of highly energetic particles, is observed in PDs. The optimal damping performance of PDs is mainly caused by the dissipative properties of damping particles in Leidenfrost state.     

Application of higher order spectral features and support vector machines for bearing faults classification

Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings timely and accurately are very important to ensure the reliability of rotating machinery. This paper presents a novel pattern classification approach for bearings diagnostics, which combines the higher order spectra analysis features and support vector machine classifier. The use of non-linear features motivated by the higher order spectra has been reported to be a promising approach to analyze the non-linear and non-Gaussian characteristics of the mechanical vibration signals. The vibration bi-spectrum (third order spectrum) patterns are extracted as the feature vectors presenting different bearing faults. The extracted bi-spectrum features are subjected to principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. These principal components were fed to support vector machine to distinguish four kinds of bearing faults covering different levels of severity for each fault type, which were measured in the experimental test bench running under different working conditions. In order to find the optimal parameters for the multi-class support vector machine model, a grid-search method in combination with 10-fold cross-validation has been used. Based on the correct classification of bearing patterns in the test set, in each fold the performance measures are computed. The average of these performance measures is computed to report the overall performance of the support vector machine classifier. In addition, in fault detection problems, the performance of a detection algorithm usually depends on the trade-off between robustness and sensitivity. The sensitivity and robustness of the proposed method are explored by running a series of experiments. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve made the results more convincing. The results indicated that the proposed method can reliably identify different fault patterns of rolling element bearings based on vibration signals.     

Dynamic instability characteristics of laminated composite plates subjected to partial follower edge load with damping

The study of vibration and dynamic instability behaviour of laminated composite plates subjected to partially distributed non-conservative follower forces is presented by using the finite element technique. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to model the plate, considering the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia. The modal transformation technique is employed to the resulting equilibrium equation for subsequent analysis. Structural damping is introduced into the system in terms of equivalent viscous damping to study the significance of damping on stability characteristics. The effects of load width, boundary condition, aspect ratio, ply orientation, direction control of the load and damping parameters are considered for the stability behaviour of the plates. The results show that under follower loading, the system is susceptible to instability due to flutter alone or due to both flutter and divergence, depending on system parameters.