一起阿邦尼沙门菌引起食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学分析及分子溯源调查

目的 查明引起某庙会期间发生的一起食源性疾病暴发事件的原因，确认致病危害因素及其来源，为此类事件预防控制提供参考。方法 开展现场流行病学调查，通过描述分析方法分析病例临床特征、流行病学特征及相关危害因素。开展病例对照研究确定可疑食物，通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对致病因子进行相似性分析。结果 根据病例定义共收集可疑病例32例，主要临床表现为腹痛（87.50%）、腹泻（78.13%）、发热（75.00%）、头晕恶心（71.88%）。病例对照研究结果显示水煮带壳花生是危险因素（OR=4.000，95%CI：1.409~11.354）。采集28份样品中有7份分离培养出沙门菌，血清型鉴定均为阿邦尼沙门菌，经PFGE图谱分析高度相似。结论 本次事件是由阿邦尼沙门菌引起的食源性疾病暴发，可疑食物为水煮带壳花生，应加强非城区流动摊位散装食品的监管，同时加强食源性疾病监测管理工作。     

2021年贵州省食源性疾病主动监测分离沙门菌耐药及分型特征

目的 了解2021年贵州省食源性疾病主动监测分离沙门菌的血清型、耐药和分子分型特征。方法 对全省2021年食源性疾病主动监测腹泻病例中分离的164株沙门菌采用玻片凝集法进行血清学分型，采用微量肉汤稀释法测定菌株对14种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值，采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）进行分子分型。结果 164株沙门菌可分为25种血清型，优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门菌（76，46.34%）、肠炎沙门菌（25，15.24%）和爪哇安纳沙门菌（15，9.15%）。164株沙门菌耐药率为100%，多重耐药率达86.59%；其中对氨苄西林、四环素和萘啶酸耐药率较高，分别为95.12%（156/164）、78.05%（128/164）和63.41%（104/164）。72株鼠伤寒沙门菌PFGE聚类分析后共分为58种指纹图谱，24株肠炎沙门菌有12种指纹图谱，15株爪哇安纳沙门菌有3种指纹图谱。结论 贵州省腹泻患者沙门菌血清型种类较多，多重耐药现象严重，PFGE指纹图谱表现出遗传多样性。应加强对沙门菌的耐药监测，尤其是优势血清型鼠伤寒沙门菌的临床用药。     

基于毒力基因组合评价我国产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌潜在致病风险

目的 对我国不同来源产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（STEC）分离株的致病潜力进行分级,为STEC的风险管理提供参考依据。方法 运用联合国粮食及农业组织和世界卫生组织于2018年联合发布的STEC与食品归因、表征和监测报告中提出的危害等级分级方法,对我国2018—2022年已发表的STEC数据进行分级分析。结果 分级结果显示,纳入研究的STEC菌株中72.9%为低危害菌株,26.0%为高危害菌株,1.1%为最高危害菌株。高危害菌株主要来自牛或牛肉食品（95.3%）,仅有8株为最高危害菌株,分别来自牛和患者。结论 仅依据STEC菌株的血清型不足以作为菌株毒力评判标准,通过毒力基因组合对STEC感染风险进行分级是更可靠的方法。这一方法可为我国制定STEC监测和风险评估提供参考。     

2006—2021年温州地区沙门菌感染流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2006—2021年温州地区沙门菌感染流行病学特征，为沙门菌感染的防控提供科学依据。方法 对沙门菌进行鉴定确认和血清学分型，并对流行病学特征进行深入分析。结果 2006—2021年在温州地区42 300份食源性疾病腹泻患者中，共分离出沙门菌1 232株，总分离率为2.91%，共鉴定出90个血清型（14个血清群），其中菌群以O：4（B）、O：9（D1）、O：3，10（E1）、O：8（C2-C3）、O：7（C1）为主；血清型以鼠伤寒沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌、伦敦沙门菌和德尔卑沙门菌为主；18～60岁、61岁以上和小于２岁婴幼儿是感染的主要人群；春、夏、秋季易感，具有明显的季节性；5～11月是食源性沙门菌检出的高峰期。结论 温州地区沙门菌感染在季节分布、人群分布等方面具有明显的流行病学特征，应该继续加强食源性疾病监测，进一步提高食品安全隐患的早期识别、预警与防控能力。     

2017—2020年江苏省无锡市沙门菌的血清型与耐药性研究

目的 分析2017—2020年江苏省无锡市沙门菌报告病例的血清型特点和抗生素耐药性流行特征及变化趋势。方法 收集分离自 2017—2020年无锡市食源性疾病哨点监测医院腹泻病例（住院和门诊患者）标本中的216株沙门菌菌株,采用玻片凝集法对216株菌进行血清型鉴定及分析,并采用微量肉汤稀释法检测沙门菌对13种抗生素的药物敏感性。结果 216株沙门菌分为42种血清型,优势血清型分别为肠炎沙门菌28.70%（62/216）占比,鼠伤寒沙门菌26.39%（57/216）。耐药性分析结果显示,216株沙门菌对美洛培南、阿米卡星、阿奇霉素和头孢他啶高度敏感,高敏菌株占比均高于90%;所有沙门菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,达到68.06%,对美洛培南的耐药率最低,仅0.46%;沙门菌在2017—2020年对氨苄西林的耐药率呈逐年增高的趋势,且每年沙门菌分离株对氨苄西林耐药性最高;共130株菌株产生了多重耐药性（60.19%）,耐药菌株数最多的耐药谱为AMP-TET-STR,占比5.56%（12/216）,优势耐药谱不明显。结论 无锡市沙门菌的流行血清型以肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为主,且沙门菌耐药性形势严峻,应该尽快建立高效的管控机制, 加强药敏监测, 优化治疗方案, 避免抗生素滥用。     

北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费状况及影响因素研究

目的 调查北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费状况及其影响因素,为开展相关食品营养和安全风险评估提供科学依据,促进全民健康。方法 本研究采用国家食品安全风险评估中心2020年开展的人群含反式脂肪酸食物消费状况调查项目中的肉类消费数据,共纳入北京市3岁及以上居民2 394人作为研究对象。采用食物频率法收集肉类消费数据,采用χ²检验和多因素Logistic回归分析调查对象各种肉类消费状况及其影响因素。结果 北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费率为91.9%。其中,猪肉消费率为77.4%,牛肉消费率为50.6%,羊肉消费率为21.5%,禽肉消费率为23.0%。居民肉类消费模式受到年龄、民族、文化程度、职业和家庭月收入的显著影响（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,猪肉消费的独立风险因素是民族,牛肉消费的独立风险因素包括民族、职业和家庭月收入,羊肉消费的独立风险因素包括年龄和家庭月收入,禽肉消费的独立风险因素是家庭月收入。结论 北京市居民肉类消费率较高,肉类品种日益丰富,膳食结构逐渐完善,但猪肉仍是居民主要肉类消费产品,应给予居民科学营养指导,有效提升全民健康水平。     

2021年广西腹泻病人来源的鼠伤寒沙门菌及其单相变种比较分析

目的 通过研究比较2021年广西壮族自治区腹泻病人来源的鼠伤寒沙门菌及其单相变体1，4，［5］，12∶i∶-（S.1，4，［5］，12∶i∶-）流行特征与耐药情况，更好地了解鼠伤寒沙门菌及其单相变体多重耐药克隆的流行病学及其在传播的潜力。方法 对来自病例监测分离的276株鼠伤寒沙门菌用血清凝集方法进行第一次分型，当第二项鞭毛抗原诱导三次后依然不凝集，再用多重PCR的方法进行第二次分型，用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。结果 经多重PCR确认为鼠伤寒沙门菌单相变体的有201株（72.8%），鼠伤寒沙门菌75株。鼠伤寒沙门菌对磺胺类药物、氯霉素的耐药率显著高于鼠伤寒沙门菌单相变体（P<0.05）。鼠伤寒沙门菌单相变体对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、萘啶酸、庆大霉素、四环素5种抗生素的耐药率显著高于鼠伤寒沙门菌（P<0.05）。两种沙门菌对3类及以上抗生素耐药率达到79%以上，共同多重优势耐药谱为耐氨苄西林、氯霉素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲唑和四环素。结论 鼠伤寒沙门菌单相变体已经超过鼠伤寒沙门菌成为广西壮族自治区腹泻病人中最优势的血清型。两种沙门菌耐药情况不容乐观，特别是多重耐药菌株的快速增加。需要有针对性地加强对食源性鼠伤寒沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌单相变体进行耐药监测，揭示其耐药性的潜在决定因素，并展开有效的干预措施。     

2020年贵阳市城区部分集贸市场即食食品微生物污染情况调查

目的 了解集贸市场即食食品微生物污染情况,分析食源性沙门菌菌株生物学特征,评价食品卫生状况及致病风险。方法 随机选取人群消费较集中的5家大型集贸市场,按照国家食品安全标准对其售卖的即食食品进行食品微生物检测,同时对沙门菌血清型、抗生素耐药性及PFGE聚类进行分析。结果 131份即食食品中大肠菌群检出率62.59%（82/131）,并检出了沙门菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等致病微生物。沙门菌血清型多样,其PFGE图谱较分散,菌株出现多重耐药。结论 即食食品卫生状况普遍较差,生肉食品中检测出沙门菌,容易与即食食品发生交叉污染而引发食源性疾病,应加强即食食品及生肉制品的管理。     

一起肠炎沙门菌引起的校园食源性疾病暴发事件调查溯源分析

目的 调查一起肠炎沙门菌引起的学校食源性疾病暴发事件,并对危险因素开展分析溯源,为预防类似事件的发生提供科学依据。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法分析事件的流行病学特征;运用病例对照研究调查可疑食物;通过环境卫生学方法调查追溯食品污染的过程;对病例、食物、环境样品进行病原菌分离、血清分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）检测。结果 本起暴发事件共报告病例71例,流行曲线符合持续同源暴发模式的特点。病例对照、环境卫生调查和病因溯源研究提示学校超市售卖的三明治是引起本次事件的危险食品（OR=302.09,95%CI=75.18~1 213.97）。采集的病例、食品、环境样品中有8份（12.70%,8/63）检出了肠炎沙门菌,分离菌株的PFGE图谱条带完全一致,证实了学校超市出售的三明治使用的沙拉酱在制作过程中被肠炎沙门菌污染,是导致这次食源性疾病暴发的原因。结论 本次事件是由肠炎沙门菌污染食品引起的食源性疾病暴发,可疑食品为被自制沙拉酱污染的三明治。建议禁止各类未经充分热处理的含生鲜鸡蛋成分的食品进入学校,相关行政部门应加强对该类食品的卫生监督。     

我国膳食无机砷致癌症及心血管疾病的疾病模型构建

目的 构建我国膳食无机砷致癌症及心血管疾病的疾病模型。方法 首先确立膳食无机砷导致的不同健康危害终点。根据我国人群相关疾病的流行病学数据,分别采用风险评估法和反事实分析法计算膳食无机砷暴露致癌症及心血管疾病的归因发病率、死亡率,结合疾病的伤残权重及病程等特点,构建膳食无机砷暴露致癌症及心血管疾病的疾病模型。结果 人群终身持续经膳食暴露于1.41 μg/（kg?d）无机砷时,引起皮肤癌、膀胱癌和肺癌的发病率分别为0.135%、0.010%以及0.034%,死亡率分别为0.015%、0.004%以及0.138%。人群终身持续经膳食暴露于1 μg/（kg?d）无机砷时,引起的心血管疾病发病率及死亡率分别为0.082%、0.025%。结论 疾病模型可用于计算食品污染物导致的疾病负担,对食品污染物的健康危害进行量化。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a food model system and on the bacterial cell membranes

The effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (EO: 0, 5, 15 and 30 μl 100 ml⁻¹) and nisin (N: 0, 0.25 and 0.5 μg ml⁻¹), temperatures (T: 25 and 8 °C), and storage times (up to 21 days) on growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a commercial barley soup were evaluated in a factorial design study. The growth of S. typhimurium was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by EO concentrations and their combinations with N concentrations at 8 °C. For S. aureus, the viable count was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by EO and N concentrations and their combinations, incubated at both storage temperatures. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of EO, N, and their combinations against cell membranes of the tested organisms were also studied by measurement of the release of cell constituents and by the electronic microscopy observations of the cells. The significant increase of the cell constituents’ release of both organisms was observed as a result of treatments with EO and EO in combination with N. Electronic microscopy observations revealed that the cell membranes of S. typhimurium treated by EO and EO in combination with N were significantly damaged, while cells treated with only N looked similar to untreated cells. The electron micrographs of treated cells of S. aureus with EO, N, and their combination also showed important morphological damages and disrupted membranes.     

Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae

Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.     

Formation of cereulide and enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus in fermented African locust beans

Afitin, iru and sonru are three spontaneously fermented African locust bean Benin condiments. The fermentation processes are exothermic, with temperatures mostly being above 40 °C. A total of 19 predominant Bacillus cereus isolates from afitin, iru and sonru, were investigated. The enterotoxin genes nhe (A, B, C) were present in all 19 isolates, the hbl (A, C, D) in one (afitin), and the cytK gene in three isolates (afitin). Levels of cytotoxicity to Vero cells and NheA production in BHI-broth was within the range of known diarrheal outbreak strains. Autoclaved cooked African locust beans inoculated with emetic (cereulide producing) B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF supported growth at 25, 30 and 40 °C with highly different maximum cereulide productions of 6 ± 5, 97 ± 3 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/g beans, respectively (48 h). For non-autoclaved cooked beans inoculated with 2, 4 and 6 log₁₀B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF spores/g beans, cereulide production was 5 ± 4, 64 ± 8 and 69 ± 34 μg/g beans, respectively at 24 h, while it was 70 ± 43, 92 ± 53 and 99 ± 31 μg/g at 48 h of fermentation at 30 °C. Even though high toxin levels were observed, to date there are no known reports on diarrhea or vomiting due to the consumption or afitin, iru and sonru in Benin, which also according to the present study is likely to be expected from the low levels of cereulide produced at 40 °C.