自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能和排放

应用助溶剂解决了乙醇和柴油相溶性较差的问题并配制柴油醇燃料,分析了柴油醇的主要理化特性,结果表明,柴油醇的黏度、热值和十六烷值有所下降,但汽化潜热却明显增加。自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机不作任何调整,燃用E10柴油醇,动力性和经济性基本不变,燃用E20柴油醇,动力性下降,小负荷经济性恶化。燃用柴油醇,在中小负荷工况,CO和HC浓度排放增加,NOx浓度排放减少;在大负荷工况,CO浓度排放减少,HC浓度排放变化较小,NOx浓度排放增加,排气烟度降低明显。柴油醇中乙醇含量越多,排放性能变化越大。适当推迟供油提前角对压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能有利。     

柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

通过添加助溶剂形成一种稳定的柴油／甲醇混合燃料，并开展了柴油机燃用此混合燃料的性能与排放研究。研究结果表明：发动机热效率和柴油等热值燃油消耗率随混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加而改善，这是由于预混燃烧量的增加，燃料富氧以及扩散燃烧的改善所致。适当增加供油提前角可使柴油／甲醇混合燃料发动机热效率提高。燃用柴油／甲醇混合燃料可显著降低发动机CO和烟度，而对碳氢排放影响不大；在相同平均有效压力的条件下，N0x随甲醇含量的增加而增加，添加甲醇对N0x的影响在大负荷下更为明显。柴油／甲醇混合燃料燃烧时存在一个较为平坦的N0x／烟度关系曲线。     

增压中冷柴油机燃用柴油醇燃烧特性的试验研究

在现有的增压中冷柴油机结构不做变动和调整的情况下,分析了柴油和3种柴油醇(E10、E15和E20)在E4种工况下的燃烧特性,研究表明：增压中冷柴油机燃用柴油醇燃料,随着柴油醇中乙醇含量的变化,滞燃期、放热率峰值和燃烧持续期等燃烧特性参数相应发生变化,在高速、高负荷时,乙醇燃料的优点对燃烧过程影响较大;在低速、低负荷时,乙醇燃料的缺点在燃烧过程中占主导地位。     

ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚的试验研究

根据二甲醚燃料的特性,在ZS195柴油机上进行了供油量、供油提前角、喷油压力的参数优化和匹配,以及这些参数对柴油机燃用二甲醚的动力性影响进行试验研究。并对燃油供给系统低压部分进行改造,保证发动机的正常运转。试验结果表明：ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚燃料在中、低速区动力性优于原柴油机。发动机全负荷范围内达到无烟排放,NOx有较大幅度下降,噪声有所减小,二甲醚燃料是一种可代替柴油的有前景的清洁燃烧。     

柴油机TR燃烧系统实现低温预混合燃烧的研究

为了验证TR燃烧系统降低发动机排放、实现低温预混合燃烧的能力,在一台经过改造的单缸135柴油机上进行了降低压缩比、燃用柴油-乙醇混合燃料和推迟供油的试验研究.结果表明,压缩比ε降低后,着火推迟,最大放热率增加,缸内最高压力和最高温度降低,NOx排放也降低.但是中高负荷时燃烧速率降低,有效油耗率增加.当燃用乙醇体积含量20%的乙醇-柴油混合燃料时,与燃用柴油燃料相比,着火延迟期延长,烟度大幅度降低.小负荷时缸内最高压力、最高温度、最大放热率和燃烧速率都降低,NOx降低较多;中高负荷时最大放热率高于后者,燃烧速率提高,NOx降低得较少.当供油定时从15°CA BT-DC推迟到13°CA BTDC后,烟度基本不变.     

二甲醚柴油混合燃料D40燃烧与排放的试验研究

通过在4100QBZL柴油机上进行燃用柴油以及柴油和二甲醚混合燃料——D40的试验,对比了动力输出、排放和缸内燃烧的数据,分析了D40燃料的燃烧特性与排放性能,改变供油系统参数进一步优化了燃用D40的排放性能。结果表明：柴油机供油系统调整后燃用D40燃烧特性好,可获得良好的动力性能,碳烟排放降低明显,NOx在中高转速下显著降低,预混燃烧阶段的温度是影响二甲醚柴油混合燃料NOx排放的主要因素。     

缸内双直喷系统压燃式发动机燃用甲醇和乙醇的性能比较

在双喷射系统的压燃式发动机中，用一个喷射器喷射乙醇或甲醇作为主要燃料，另一个喷射器喷射作为引燃着火源的柴油，开展了负荷特性下的性能和排放试验。试验结果表明，在相同功率下，燃用乙醇的发动机比燃用甲醇的发动机燃油经济性要好，但其NOx烟度、THC和CO的排放较高。     

柴油-甲醇微乳化燃料的制备及燃烧特性研究

本文根据乳化和微乳化理论选择油酸作为表面活性剂配制了多种配比的柴油 甲醇微乳化燃料。微乳化燃料获得了与柴油相近的发动机动力性和热效率,NOX排放比燃用柴油时高,碳烟排放比燃用柴油时低。随供油提前角的推迟,NOX排放快速下降,碳烟排放变化不大,推迟供油可使甲醇混合油获得更好的排放水平。由于甲醇汽化潜热大、乳化燃料具有微爆效应,故在小负荷时混合燃料滞燃期比柴油时大,而在大负荷时两者较接近。随混合油含醇率的增加,预混燃烧峰值也随之增加。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油及柴油的燃烧分析与排放特性

为了进一步弄清楚生物柴油对发动机燃烧和排放的影响.在发动机试验台架上,对一台增压中冷车用柴油机进行生物柴油和柴油的性能及排放等试验.试验按国家标准GB17691—2001规定的测量方法、全负荷速度特性以及不同转速下的负荷特性进行.测录了示功图并进行了不同燃料的燃烧比较和分析.结果表明,生物柴油由于其燃料特性,引起喷油提前,但滞燃期较短,预混燃烧比例较小.排放测试结果表明,生物柴油的烟度、HC和CO下降,但NOx排放增加.按13工况法,燃用生物柴油,HC和CO分别下降21.3%和1.7%;NOx增加2.9%.     

空燃比对柴油/丙烷混合燃料发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在单缸直喷式柴油机上,研究了燃用柴油和柴油/丙烷混合燃料时,空燃比对发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明:发动机转速一定时,燃烧持续期随空燃比和丙烷比例的增加而缩短;缸内最高燃烧压力随空燃比的增大而减小,随丙烷比例的增加而增大;NOx和碳烟排放随空燃比的增大而降低,HC排放在小空燃比时随空燃比的减小而大幅度增加,而在大空燃比时随空燃比的增大而稍有增加;在小空燃比时CO排放随空燃比的减小而增加,在大空燃比时变化不大;燃用柴油/丙烷混合燃料可同时降低CO、HC和碳烟排放,但NOx排放增加。     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

研究了柴油机燃用不同掺混比的乙醇 -柴油混合燃料对排气烟度以及 NOx 气体排放成分的影响 ,分析了尾气排放中甲醛、乙醛以及未燃乙醇的含量。研究结果表明 ,加入一定比例的乙醇可改善缸内燃烧过程 ,大幅度降低排气烟度 ,提高燃油经济性。随着乙醇掺混比的提高 ,尾气中 NOx 含量、乙醛和未燃乙醇的含量有明显增加     

生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物,连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响,但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大,B20、E10810较柴油要小;含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小,燃烧变得柔和;含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小。     

掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控共轨发动机上,试验研究了乙醇掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明:随乙醇比例的增加,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,最大压力升高率上升。随喷射推迟,滞燃期延长,燃烧相位延后,燃烧持续期在纯二甲醚时延长,而在掺混乙醇时则先延长后缩短,最大压力升高率先下降后上升。掺混乙醇和推迟喷射使预混燃烧比例增加。随喷射推迟,混合燃料的排气温度升高,喷射推迟到上止点后,排气温度随乙醇比例的增加而升高,排气温度高,则废气能量高,增压器增压比大,进气流量大,导致缸内压缩压力升高。在上止点前喷射时,掺混乙醇能使HC和CO排放保持在较低范围的同时,一定程度降低NO_x排放,掺混15%的乙醇较纯二甲醚最大降低约11%NO_x排放。随推迟喷射,NO_x排放降低,最大降幅达52%,在过分推迟燃料喷射时,因热效率低,循环喷射量增加,含15%乙醇混合燃料的NO_x排放会高于纯二甲醚。HC和CO排放随喷射推迟而升高,且升高幅度增大。     

Preparation,characterization, engine combustion and emission characteristics of rapeseed oil based hybrid fuels

In this study, hybrid fuels consisting of rapeseed oil/diesel blend, 1% aqueous ethanol and a surfactant (oleic acid/1-butanol mixture) were prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the density, viscosity and lower heating value (LHV) of these fuels were measured, and the engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the viscosity and density of the hybrid fuels were decreased and close to that of diesel fuel with the increase of ethanol volume fraction up to 30%. The start of combustion was later than that of diesel fuel and the peak cylinder pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate were higher than those of diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of hybrid fuels was increased with the volume fraction of ethanol and higher than that of diesel. The brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was almost identical for all test fuels. The smoke emissions were lower than those for diesel fuel at high engine loads, the NO_x emissions were almost similar to those of diesel fuel, but CO and HC emissions were higher, especially at low engine loads.     

Experimental study of hydrous ethanol gasoline blend (E10) in a four stroke port fuel‐injected spark ignition engine

Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of a port‐injected engine fuelled with hydrous ethanol gasoline blend (E10 ‐ 10% of hydrous ethanol by volume in gasoline) were compared with gasoline operation. Hydrous ethanol blend produced higher power output with lean mixtures at part throttle condition. Higher flame velocity and wider flammability limits of the blend resulted in lower cycle‐by‐cycle variations in indicated mean effective pressure as compared to gasoline. Hydro carbon emission was also lower due to the oxygen available in the fuel (E10), which enhanced the combustion rate. Higher latent heat of evaporation of the ethanol blend and water present in it resulted in lower in‐cylinder temperature, which in turn led to lesser NOx emissions. Thermal efficiency with the blend was higher in the leaner operating conditions than gasoline. Not much difference in performance, emission and combustion characteristics between neat gasoline and E10 were observed at full throttle operation. On the whole, hydrous ethanol blends can be used as a fuel with good performance and low emissions at part load condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance assesment of hydrogen and ammonia combustion with various fuels for power generators

This paper proposes the use of hydrogen and ammonia as possible fuels for power generators and to do so the combustion is modelled by using different types of fuels which are; hydrogen, gasoline, diesel, ethanol, methanol, propane, butane and natural gas to see the effects of these fuel sources on combustion. The main aim of using a clean fuel is to decrease the greenhouse emissions, and by looking at the results, the reduction in CO₂ emissions shows that blending hydrogen and ammonia will result in a reduction for the deleterious emissions occurring after combustion. The reason behind using a dual fueled system is to make use of the secondary fuel source as a combustion promoter to help increase the low flame temperatures of ammonia that causes it not to ignite when used solely. In the modelling of combustion the maximum power output is set to 3.65 kW as this is the maximum power output for the power generator used in the experimental studies. In the studies the increase of clean fuel percentage in the fuel blend cause a reduction in the performance measures as expected with the lower energy density and lower heating values that ammonia offers but the reduction in CO₂ and NO_x emissions makes it a fuel source worth using with a combustion promoter.     

降低酸化油生物柴油NOx和烟度排放的试验研究

本文主要针对降低柴油机燃用酸化油生物柴油及其混合燃料的NOx、烟度排放的方法进行了试验研究。采用乙醇/生物柴油混合燃料法和推迟供油提前角两种方法在R4105T型柴油机上进行了试验。结果表明,在不影响动力性前提下燃用添加5%的乙醇的混合柴油,NOx及碳烟的排放均有明显下降。推迟供油提前角能有效的降低NOx的排放,但碳烟排放量增加,功率下降,燃料经济性变差。     

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Blending Ethanol on Combustion Characteristic and Idle Performance in a Gasoline Rotary Engine

Rotary engine is an ideal electric vehicle range extender.However,the combustion chamber of rotary engine is very narrow and long at the top dead center,which is detrimental to fuel combustion performance.In order to improve its economic and emission performance,this paper built an ethanol/gasoline dual-fuel rotary engine test bench,and the combustion and emission performance of gasoline rotary engine under five ethanol blending ratios were studied.The experimental results showed that,when the fuel pulse width is not adjusted,since the calorific value of ethanol is lower than that of gasoline and the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of gasoline,the addition of ethanol in gasoline lowers the peak pressure.When the ethanol blending ratio reaches 30 vol%,the pressure curve shows a distinct double peak.Under the theoretical air-fuel ratio condition,mixing ethanol in gasoline increases the heat release rate,shortens the combustion duration while prolonging delay period.After blending ethanol,HC,CO and NO_x emissions have been reduced under various operating conditions.Excessive ethanol blending ratio increases NO_x emissions and increases cycle variation coefficient.When the ethanol blending ratio is 15 vol%,it has better power ability while maintaining low cycle variation coefficient and emissions.