Towards the Creation of Healthier City Neighbourhoods for Marginalised Communities in South Africa: a Case Study of the South Durban Industrial Basin in the City of Durban

This paper critically evaluates efforts to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution on residential communities that are located next to polluting chemical industries in the South Durban Basin area, in the city of Durban, South Africa. The economic agenda ignored socio-environmental imperatives as poor residential communities and polluting chemical industries were juxtaposed, which made the area prone to environmental and health hazards. Empirical research is conducted focusing on the relations among industry, the people, housing, health and the neighbourhood built environment. The paper notes that efforts to create healthier livable city neighbourhoods in Africa, and South Africa in particular, are hampered by the superimposition of industrial capitalism over social and environmental aspects of sustainable development. In this context, the paper argues marginalised neighbourhoods need to proactively articulate their environmental concerns in ways that foster the cooperation and remedial action of other stakeholders of urban governance especially the state and private sector.     

南非的供水和公共卫生服务：不断增强的可持续性

在1994年，南非有三分之一的人口无法在合理运输距离内获得安全的饮用水，同时有一半人口没有用上像样的厕所。新的民主政府确立了改善供水和卫生设施的宏伟发展目标，并通过以包容性规划和实施策略为支撑的需求响应途径来达成这一目标。但由于需求规模造成的压力，最终致使改善供水的实施措施转向自上而下、供给主导的途径。尽管存在着实现规模经济的可能性，但服务供应的单位成本却显著增加了。同时，效能控制的重点被放在基础设施供给和支出方面，而非基础设施质量、成本效用和使用性能。对落实既定目标要求的强调，却导致市民／使用者的声音和权力在政策制定、约束服务提供者责任方面遭到削弱。本文讨论了现有措施在可持续性上所面临的重大风险，并对地方政府改善供水和公共卫生服务方面提出了建议。     

南非的供水和公共卫生服务:不断增强的可持续性

在1994年,南非有三分之一的人口无法在合理运输距离内获得安全的饮用水,同时有一半人12没有用上像样的厕所.新的民主政府确立了改善供水和卫生设施的宏伟发展目标,并通过以包容性规划和实施策略为支撑的需求响应途径来达成这一目标.但由于需求规模造成的压力,最终致使改善供水的实施措施转向自上而下、供给主导的途径.尽管存在着实现规模经济的可能性,但服务供应的单位成本却显著增加了.同时,效能控制的重点被放在基础设施供给和支出方面,而非基础设施质量、成本效用和使用性能.对落实既定目标要求的强调,却导致市民/使用者的声音和权力在政策制定、约束服务提供者责任方面遭到削弱.本文讨论了现有措施在可持续性上所面临的重大风险,并对地方政府改善供水和公共卫生服务方面提出了建议.     

Regulating Plastics Waste,Stakeholder Engagement and Sustainability Challenges in South Africa

In May 2003, the South African government enacted regulations banning the production of thin-film plastic shopping bags. The government advocated that such thin-film plastic shopping bags were indiscriminately discarded because they had no economic and recycling value. However, in as much as the regulations led to significant reductions in plastic shopping bags in the environment, the law resulted in severe unintended negative consequences, as jobs were lost with some businesses in the plastic shopping bag manufacturing sector closing down. The paper also reveals that key stakeholders, such as industry, business and labour, lobbied against the introduction of the regulations but without success. On average, business went down by about 83% with a conservative 25% reduction in employment. Drawing insights from the Irish and Australian experiences, this paper critically reviews sustainability debates and responses surrounding environmental regulation and business, with a special focus on the Plastic Bag Regulations in South Africa. Lessons learnt are presented with the intention to provide insights for future waste product or other environmental regulation initiatives in South Africa and elsewhere in the region.

聪加环境中心与本地可持续性催化剂

项目地点:南非开普敦项目类型:环境资源与教育中心开工日期:2005年10月该项目旨在通过展示环保建筑设计实现可持续生计。该项目获2005年豪瑞可持续建筑大奖赛非洲中东地区铜奖     

A Donor Agency Scramble for South Africa

The international development community invests bulk of its financial aid to South Africa in establishing procedural conditions through which development actions may be realized. Accordingly, ‘democracy assistance’ is designed to target governmental structures and civil society organizations (CSOs). International donor governments and aid agencies also assign an operational role to civil society so that it may assist in the process of change. However, an overt emphasis on the procedural aspects of democracy, governance, and development ignores the context and object of planning. Consequently, development planning in South Africa is perceived in narrow procedural terms alone, and not in terms of more holistic and equitable development responses.     

南美洲地区电气安装工程管理与施工实践

针对南美洲地区电气工程的特殊性,结合工程实践和具体遇到的一些难题,提出实用的解决办法以及处理现场特殊接地等,可作为类似项目工程的参考。     

Spluma,Zoning and Effective Land Use Management in South Africa

For the first time, South Africa has a single national piece of legislation, the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, 2013, that creates an overarching framework for spatial planning, policy and land use management for the entire country, including rural and informal settlements. Spatial plans linked to zoning schemes are at the heart of this planning system. However, zoning as a land use management tool has been intensely criticised as being exclusionary and socially, economically and environmentally unsustainable. Given that the purpose of the new legislation is to create equitable and sustainable development, this paper questions whether zoning is indeed the most suitable land use management tool in South Africa. The paper briefly outlines the requirements of the new act and then evaluates the usefulness of various forms of land use management such as land use zoning, performance zoning, form-based control and discretionary systems in the South African context. Drawing on the strengths of some of the alternative land use management systems, proposals are made for a more suitable land use management system for South Africa that could have applicability in other countries with a similar colonial history.     

在南非进行城市规划的新方法

随着南非1994年向民主国家进行过渡，服务于种族主义与种族隔离政策空间社会管理几十年的传统的总体与空间规划开始被视为完全丧失信誉的规划手段。     

Guidelines for urban engineering geological investigations in South Africa

 These guidelines endeavour to provide a standard by which engineering geological investigations for urban development should be carried out. The investigations for urban development can be divided into three different categories, namely: investigations for planning, investigations for urban development and specialized geotechnical investigations. The minimum requirements for the planning and urban development investigations are listed. These guidelines suggest the level at which the various types of investigation should be carried out as well as the range of application, the scope and the methodology to be used for the different investigations. It is hoped they will provide guidance to both practitioners and clients on the importance and application of engineering geology in the establishment of new urban development. Received: 14 March 2000 · Accepted: 29 August 2000     

南非的一种特殊结构的集贸市场

改革开放二十多年来,随着我国工业化进步和农业生产力水平的不断提高,小城镇的建设也不断地得到发展和壮大。改善人居环境和规范市场管理也被提到重要地位。为规范市场、方便购物、便于管理,许多乡镇政府组织建设了集贸市场,因此, 集贸市场的需求量变得越来越大。 目前,我国大部分农村还属于经济上比较落后的地区,因地制宜地利用当地现有资源建造物美价廉的集贸市场是今后一段时间内的发展方向。前不久在南非参观时, 一种特殊结构的集贸市场引起了笔者的注意,并给予笔者一定的启发。 一、特殊结构的集贸市场概况 在南非首都比勒陀利亚…