流变模型对剪切稀化流体弹流油膜厚度影响的研究

基于Carreau流变模型和Ree—Eyring流变模型,对剪切稀化流体线接触弹流润滑进行了完全数值分析,得到了同一种润滑油在不同流变模型下的弹流油膜厚度。将理论分析得到的油膜厚度、经典弹流膜厚公式计算的油膜厚度以及实测的油膜厚度进行了对比,结果表明：基于Carreau流变模型的理论分析结果更能反映剪切稀化流体的实际弹流油膜厚度;在相同工况下,基于Ree—Eyring流变模型的理论分析结果低估了剪切稀化流体的油膜厚度,经典弹流膜厚公式过高地估计了剪切稀化流体的油膜厚度。研究结果表明：幂函数形式的流变模型更能反映剪切稀化流体的流变特性。     

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮等温时变非牛顿弹流润滑分析

用多重网格法 ,求得了Ree Eyring流体润滑的渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮瞬时等温弹流润滑完全数值解 ,给出了油膜压力、厚度沿啮合线随时间变化的关系 ,并与相同工况下的牛顿流体润滑的结果进行了比较。     

直齿轮传动非牛顿流体瞬态弹流润滑研究

综合考虑润滑流体的非牛顿特性以及齿轮传动的瞬态效应，采用Bair-Winer粘塑模型推导了非牛顿流体雷诺方程，建立了非牛顿流体瞬态弹流润滑模型；进行直齿轮传动非牛顿流体弹流润滑数值分析，获得了齿轮传动沿啮合线的油膜压力、油膜形状以及摩擦因数的分布。结果表明：在非牛顿流体工况下，油膜厚度、油膜压力以及轮齿表面摩擦因数均有所降低,因此在齿轮弹流润滑研究中应考虑流体的非牛顿特性的影响。     

非对称聚合物行星齿轮瞬态弹流润滑分析

为满足机械结构紧凑化、轻量化要求,在行星齿轮传动系统中可应用非对称聚合物齿轮。为研究非对称聚合物行星齿轮传动中内啮合轮齿的瞬态弹流润滑性能,建立非对称聚合物行星齿轮内啮合传动的润滑模型,采用多重网格法进行了数值求解与仿真分析;对比分析了行星齿轮内啮合与外啮合几何参数的异同,探讨了齿轮运行工况以及齿轮副材料对非对称聚合物行星齿轮瞬态弹流润滑的影响;考虑热效应的影响,探究了非对称聚合物行星齿轮内啮合最高温升与3个特殊瞬时啮合点的温度分布变化规律,对比分析了等温与热弹流润滑条件下不同齿轮材料的弹流润滑性能。结果表明,由于传动啮合方式的不同,行星齿轮内啮合的几何参数不同于外啮合,齿轮转速和载荷对弹流润滑效果影响显著;使用非对称聚合物齿轮可提高齿轮承载能力和改善齿轮的等温弹流润滑性能;但高温重载时聚合物齿轮材料影响轮齿强度和散热效果,非对称聚合物行星齿轮更适于在低温低速环境中应用。     

非对称聚合物齿轮的瞬态弹流润滑分析

聚合物齿轮质轻而耐腐蚀,可降低噪声,提高经济效益.相对地,聚合物轮齿强度低于金属轮齿,故采用非对称设计提高聚合物齿轮的强度.为探究非对称聚合物齿轮的弹流润滑特性,在水润滑条件下,采用多重网格法对非对称聚合物齿轮进行了瞬态弹流润滑分析:对比非对称齿轮与传统对称齿轮的水膜压力与厚度;改变齿轮运行工况及考虑轮齿的表面粗糙度,研究其对齿轮弹流润滑分析的影响.结果表明,非对称齿轮可有效改善弹流润滑,润滑膜的压力和膜厚受齿轮转速和载荷影响较大,表面粗糙度对于非对称聚合物齿轮的弹流润滑有着不利影响,在应用中应保证齿面加工质量.     

变位非对称聚合物行星齿轮的瞬态热弹流润滑

为探究非对称齿廓的内啮合齿轮在变位情况下的热弹流润滑特性,用多重网格法对采用变位设计的非对称聚合物齿轮进行了瞬态热弹流润滑分析,比较了不同传动类型的变位齿轮的弹流润滑特性,分析了不同变位系数分配形式以及齿廓修形对非对称聚合物齿轮在内啮合情况下的瞬态弹流润滑的影响。结果表明,非对称齿轮能改善变位齿轮的润滑性能,正传动的变位类型的齿轮润滑性能最优,内齿轮采用较大的变位系数对热弹流润滑更为有利,合理的修形能够改善非对称变位齿轮的润滑性能。     

线接触热弹流润滑的数值分析

基于Ree—Eyring流变模型，建立线接触热弹流润滑方程，通过数值计算得出了载荷参数、速度参数、材料参数和滑滚比对于二次压力峰、最小油膜厚度和最大油膜温度的重要影响。     

齿轮动力学与弹性流体动力润滑耦合研究

为探究齿轮的动力学特性与弹流润滑耦合效应,综合考虑齿轮啮合刚度的时变效应和表面粗糙度对齿轮动力学行为的影响,基于动力学理论,建立了6自由度摩擦动力学模型。采用解耦方法求解该模型,将求解获得的轮齿动态啮合力和表面波动速度用于弹流润滑分析中。通过实例研究了动、静两种载荷模型下齿轮的弹流润滑特性。研究表明,与平稳载荷相比,基于动载荷模型的齿轮弹流润滑研究更能准确反映齿轮的瞬态润滑特性,在啮合刚度的激励下,润滑时油膜压力和油膜厚度均表现出一定的振荡效应。啮入点、单齿啮入点以及单齿啮出点存在较大的冲击,是齿轮弹流润滑的危险点。     

有限长线接触斜齿轮副瞬态弹流润滑研究

采用统一Reynolds方程建立斜齿轮有限长线接触瞬态弹流润滑模型,研究瞬态效应与表面粗糙度对润滑特性的影响。结果表明:考虑瞬态效应的斜齿轮副润滑参数在单齿啮合区域剧烈变化,其接触区域膜厚较低且摩擦因数较大,容易处于混合润滑状态;在单齿啮合区域,瞬态解有效承载区变窄且二次压力峰明显增大。当前算例表明全膜弹流润滑状态下,粗糙度对斜齿轮副的瞬态弹流润滑特性影响较少,仅在双齿啮合区域考虑粗糙度的平均膜厚较大,且对应接触压力与膜厚围绕光滑解波动。     

连续波状粗糙度对直齿轮热弹流润滑的影响

工程实践中没有理想光滑的表面,在齿轮弹流润滑中,油膜的厚度通常与某些切削工艺形成的金属表面粗糙度处于同一数量级,所以表面粗糙度对齿轮弹流润滑的影响是不应该忽略的。在考虑不同啮合点处的曲率半径、卷吸速度、轮齿载荷随时间变化的基础上,考虑轮齿表面连续波状粗糙度对弹流润滑的影响,利用多重网格技术求得齿轮瞬态微观热弹流润滑的完全数值解。结果表明,连续波状粗糙度会造成齿轮瞬态弹流润滑的油膜压力和温升产生振荡,并使最小膜厚变薄,最高压力变大,最大温升增大。轮齿间振荡的高压和高温会造成齿轮振动疲劳破坏,所以连续的波状粗糙度对齿轮的润滑是不利的。     

Transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication in artificial knee joint with non-Newtonian fluids

This paper presents the transient analysis of a human artificial knee joint under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) for point contact with non-Newtonian lubricants. The artificial knee joints use ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) against metal with time-varying speed and load during walking. This numerical simulation employed a perturbation method, Newton Raphson method and multigrid method with full approximation technique to solve simultaneously both the time-dependent Reynolds equation, with non-Newtonian fluid based on a Carreau model, and the elasticity equation.The general numerical schemes are implemented to investigate the characteristics of elastohydrodynamic lubrication in human artificial knee joints; profiles of pressure and film thickness are determined, with varying material and lubricant properties, applied loads and speeds. The results show that the elastohydrodynamic fluid film thickness between the metallic component of the artificial knee joint and the soft polyethylene bearing becomes larger as the contact area increases and the fluid film pressure decreases. At the beginning of the first walking cycle, the film thickness is lower than in subsequent cycles because of the time required to develop the fluid film; after the first cycle, the fluid film is similar for every cycle and is dependent on transient applied load and speed during human movement.     

Calculation of sliding power loss in spur gear contacts

An engineering-level calculation model for sliding power loss in spur gear contacts is presented. Teeth contact through the line of action is modelled as a constantly changing roller contact whose radius, speed, and load can be calculated from the gear geometry under the given operating conditions. The gear mesh cycle is approximated by a large number of elastohydrodynamic contacts. A constant film thickness and a Hertzian pressure distribution are assumed in each contact. The model includes non-Newtonian lubricant behaviour together with temperature and mixed lubrication effects in contact. The numerical solver is reasonably fast in evaluating effectively the sliding power loss dependence on the essential gear and lubricant parameters. The features and behaviour trends of the calculated sliding power losses have a close similarity with published results obtained from measurements and experiment-based power loss models with mineral oil. The limiting shear stress of the lubricant is observed to have an essential role in the power loss behaviour especially at high loads.     

A finite element approach of thin film lubrication in circular EHD contacts

So far, most of the numerical studies concerning elastohydrodynamic point contact lubrication have been realized using finite differences. This paper describes a finite element approach for the modelling of both, thick and thin film lubrication in circular contacts under isothermal elastohydrodynamic regime. Multigrid techniques are used to accelerate the convergence and reduce calculation time. The use of the finite element method (FEM) offers two advantages: first, the existence of high level ready-to-use Finite Element commercial software which reduces the time spent in implementing the method and second, the easier adaptability to different and various physical models such as lubricant rheology, starvation effects, thermal effects, non-Newtonian behaviour, etc. The numerical model is presented in detail and an example of its adaptation taking into account non-Newtonian effects is shown. Finally, a comparison is made between Newtonian and non-Newtonian solutions, exhibiting differences obtained when using both models, especially at high shear rates where the film thickness and the friction coefficients are overestimated by a Newtonian approach.     

Generalized non-Newtonian elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Realistic prediction of the behaviour of a lubricant in elastohydrodynamic contact requires consideration of proper rheological model(s) that take the non-Newtonian characteristics of the fluid into account. A general formulation and solution methodology is presented that can treat an elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem with any simple, non-Newtonian constitutive equation.     

STUDY ON THE LUBRICATION FACTOR OF INVOLUTE SPUR GEARS

Based on a lot of numerical solutions to the problems of the thermal non-Newtonian elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication and some fatigue tests with rollers the lubrication factor of involute spur gears (called gear for short) is investigated. The results suggest that gear lubrication effects bear close relations to a dimensionless parameter D which is synthetically determined by gearing rotational speed,load,material,dimension and lubricant viscosity.When D<8,the gear fatigue life increases as the lubricant viscosity is increased;When D>8,however,the life decreases with the viscosity addition,which is in marked contrast to the lubrication factor Z recommended by the International Standard for Computing Cylindrical Gear Strength.At the end,a set of formulae for calculating gear lubrication factors suitable for different working conditions are advanced.     

时变性对圆柱齿轮弹流润滑的影响

基于有限长线接触弹流理论，分析了时变性对圆柱直齿轮弹流润滑的影响，研究了动力粘度、卷吸速度与曲率半径的变化对弹性流体动力润滑油膜厚度的影响，探讨了其中的规律，得到了时变条件下齿轮弹流润滑的基本规律，提出了改进齿轮润滑效果的措施。     

Deterministic mixed lubrication modelling using roughness measurements in gear applications

The presence of surface roughness on the teeth of hardened and ground power transmission gears is an unavoidable consequence of their manufacture. The paper discusses the effect of surface roughness when the elastohydrodynamic lubricant film thickness developed between the gear tooth surfaces is small compared to the heights of the roughness features. The ratio of these quantities, called the Λ value, may be well below unity in typical applications. For such thin film conditions the moving roughness features cause the elastohydrodynamic contact between the gears to be highly transient in nature. Surface roughness features on the working surfaces of the gears move past each other during meshing and these asperity encounters are associated with extreme pressure perturbations, or with film breakdown and isolated asperity boundary lubrication events. The paper reviews approaches used to study this problem and describes a coupled approach to solving the elastic and hydrodynamic equations. This allows numerical solutions to be obtained for these extreme conditions so that transient contact events associated with mixed lubrication can be predicted in a unified numerical solution scheme. Typical results obtained from such an analysis are presented including surface fatigue modelling and contact strain energy calculations.     

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮非稳态弹流润滑分析

综合考虑轮齿在不同啮合点处的曲率半径、卷吸速度、轮齿载荷随时间的变化，考虑压力对流体粘度和密度的影响．利用多重网格技术求得齿轮非稳态弹流润滑的完全数值解。分析了单双齿承载载荷谱和啮入冲击载荷对齿轮弹流润滑的影响。