New finite difference formulations for general inhomogeneousanisotropic bioelectric problems

Due to its low computational complexity, finite difference modeling offers a viable tool for studying bioelectric problems, allowing the field behaviour to be observed easily as different system parameters are varied. Previous finite difference formulations, however, have been limited mainly to systems in which the conductivity is orthotropic, i.e., a strictly diagonal conductivity tensor. This in turn has limited the effectiveness of the finite difference technique in modeling complex anatomies with arbitrarily anisotropic conductivities, e.g., detailed fiber structures of muscles where the fiber can lie in any arbitrary direction. Here, the authors present both two-dimensional and three dimensional finite difference formulations that are valid for structures with an inhomogeneous and nondiagonal conductivity tensor. A data parallel computer, the connection machine CM-5, is used in the finite difference implementation to provide the computational power and memory for solving large problems. The finite difference grid is mapped effectively to the CM-5 by associating a group of nodes with one processor. Details on the new approach and its data parallel implementation are presented together with validation and computational performance results. In addition, an application of the new formulation in providing the potential distribution inside a canine torso during electrical defibrillation is demonstrated     

新型分裂步长时域有限差分法

提出一种新型的分裂步长时域有限差分(NSS-FDTD)法,并对其数值色散进行分析。该方法基于Split-Step方案和Crank-Nicolson方案,采用新的矩阵分解形式,与传统的FDTD算法、SS-FDTD算法相比,减少了计算复杂度。新型算法的推导程序简单,且具有良好的数值色散特性,还加入了一阶Mur吸收边界条件,给出一阶Mur吸收边界差分方程。将数值实验的结果和传统FDTD方法及理论值进行比较,数值结果一致性较好。     

一次回风系统与二次回风系统的比较实例

混合式空调系统中一次回风系统与二次回风系统是两种常见的处理方式,两种方式各有优缺点.通过工程实例中,就两种方式组合式空调机组设计的不同,对一次回风系统与二次回风系统进行比较.     

基于加窗DFT的相位差高精度测量算法

本文提出一种基于加窗离散傅立叶变换(DFT)的相位差微机高精度测量算法，详细论述算法原理及实现步骤。采用该算法，相位差测量值理论上与信号频率无关，从而不需要跟踪测量信号频率，不需要对信号整周期采样。算法实现简单，计算量较小，精度高，对高次谐波和噪声具有较强的抑制能力，仿真计算和工程应用验证了其可行性和有效性。     

基于图像匹配的无人机自主返航技术

文中基于无人机机载的视觉信息,在GPS信号不可靠的环境下实现自主返航的功能。利用无人机底部垂直向下的摄像头,对图像计算光流可以较精确地获得无人机的速度信息。在去程中,无人机每隔一定距离记录一次位移信息与向前摄像头图像的关键帧;在回程时,无人机先根据位移信息到达关键帧图像附近,然后比较当前图像与目标关键帧纠正误差,对下一帧重复这两歩直到回到起点。仿真实验证明文中所述方法能较好地实现定点悬停和自主返航的功能。     

Analysis of weather radar return

A mathematical model of detected clutter from an airborne weather radar of conventional design is developed. The model is the joint probability density of samples of radar return from hydrometeors at the same nominal range and scan angle. It is developed from analysis of the effect on the received signal of the following parameters: inhomogeneous hydrometeor motion, radar frequency stability, pulsewidth, antenna beamwidth, scan angle, scan rate, and aircraft speed. In addition, the influence of finite pulse volume on radar sensitivity to hydrometeor motion is examined.     

王者再临

诺基亚9系列推出第三代机型了，一脉相承的外形设计和更高端的科技内涵使9500通讯器早已成为多少机友们梦寐以求的那把偃月刀!有它在手，何足惧?     

Clutter return from vegetated areas

An analytical stochastic model to predict relevant statistical scattering features of electromagnetic waves propagating within vegetated environments is presented. The propagation phenomena are described by formulating the scattering associated with random permittivity fluctuations superimposed on a lossy deterministic background slab. The distorted wave Born approximation is employed to determine the backscattered power, and its temporal spectrum.     

立体声信号相位差电平差测试仪

提出了一种立体声信号相位差电平差测试仪的设计方法。用单片机为控制核心．主要由相位差检测模块、电平差检测模块、频谱分析及处理模块、电源模块、键盘和显示模块组成。将LR立体声信号经频谱分析、整形及占空比检测电路进行处理,采用过零鉴相法,通过测矩形波占空比．实现相位差的测试。将LR信号用AD736专用芯片实现AC／DC转换,通过单片机编程．得到LR电平差。试验数据表明该仪器实现了LR信号相位差电平差的测试,且具有较高的测试精度,并能存储和显示相关信息。本设计具有创新性和实用性,为高质量立体声广播和研发制造高质量音响设备奠定了基础。     

新型电荷泵DC/DC变换器

新型非隔离、降压式、低电压、大电流、超低压差电荷泵DC／DC变换器在结构上没有泵电容,其主要特点有：输出电流大,可达800mA;输出电压精度高(见表1及表2);超低压差,特别适用于便携式产品;有输出电压连续可调及固定输出电压两种类型;有输出短路保护及输入电压过压保护;模块做成三端器件,仅需外接输入电容器及输出电容器,使用十分方便;无电感器;电路简     

安全增强的迂回路由机制

分析了移动IPv6中使用的迂回路由机制及其安全性,提出了针对迂回路由机制的一种中间人攻击方案.提出了安全增强的迂回路由机制,分析了其安全性,证明它抵御了中间人攻击.     

Concepts of lightning return stroke models

Return stroke models have been reviewed according to the assumptions they make and their underlying concepts. We have investigated the roots of the modern concepts used to describe return stroke related phenomena and illustrated their developments and deviations from the original idea. We discuss the return stroke models in two categories in accordance with the direction of the charge transfer along the channel. We show that all the models that we have considered can be described by two general sets of mathematical equations. The validation and comparison of models in reproducing measured lightning parameters are discussed. We also show the different methods employed by return stroke models to estimate the return stroke speed and discuss possible improvements that could be introduced into return stroke models in the future     

Time difference amplifier

Accurate measurement of edge time differences down to 10 ps or less is required for tests of timing in digital systems. A circuit is described that is aimed at reliably amplifying these time differences by a factor between 3 and 10 before measurement to enable greater accuracy.     

Nonagreement of forward echo and return loss

Mathematical models of coaxial cables allow the derivation of relationships between the forward echo and return loss due to the periodic nature of the structure. Experimentation has served to demonstrate that the prediction of forward echo from return-loss information is limited in its application for practical cables. This is mainly due to the fact that coaxial cables do not always exhibit truly periodic structures. In the letter, we present results that indicate the disagreement that can occur in practice.     

CATV return path characterization for reliable communications

The authors have examined the basic characteristics of hybrid-fiber coax (HFC) return systems to evaluate their ability to support bidirectional communications. The ability to support bidirectional communications on cable plants will allow deployment of two-way video applications as well as telecommunications services over the HFC plant. The results of the studies indicate that ingress in the cable return path is primarily due to broadcast signals which accumulate due to the noise-funneling effect of the cable return. Although this ingress can manifest itself in strong narrowband interferers which will prevent the use of large bandwidth channels, a reduction of node size to nodes on the order of 500 homes or lower will reduce the amount of interference. Filtering, in which a portion of the spectrum is blocked from the subscriber residence may also result in a significant reduction of ingress. Other phenomena on the return path can be dealt with by means of sound communication system design, including forward error correction to deal with impulse noise, and adaptive equalizers to deal with reflections in high data rate designs. TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA can all be utilized on the cable return path, but the capacities which result when less than perfectly synchronized CDMA is utilized are substantially lower than for TDMA and FDMA. A single carrier TDMA approach will be highly susceptible to narrowband interferers, and is unlikely to be successful. For these reasons a TDMA/FDMA or pure FDMA approach with narrow channels is likely to be the most robust multiple access technique for the cable return path     

无需直流回返路径的触摸开关

当用户手指碰到连接到电路公共接地的一个触点，或由于手指进入邻近电源线辐射的静电场中而产生的60Hz交流电压时，普通的触摸开关设计都会检测到电阻值下降。但是，如果附近没有电源线，设备由电池供电(如在汽车设备中)，或者没有连接到电路公共接地的直流触点时，该怎么办呢？