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1.
Andrzej Lewandowski Ilona Acznik Agnieszka Swiderska-Mocek 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2010,40(9):1619-1624
Ternary [Li+][MePrPip+][NTf2−] and [Li+][MePrPyrr+][NTf2−] room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) were obtained by dissolution of solid lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiNTf2) in liquid N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, respectively, and studied as electrolytes for the use in Li/LiFePO4 or C(Li)/LiFePO4 batteries. The cell worked properly in the presence of 10 wt% of vinylene carbonate (VC). Impedance-spectroscopy studies
showed that the additive (VC) forms a protective coating on the anode. The LiFePO4 cathode shows good efficiency (135 mAh g−1) working together with [Li+][MePrPip+][NTf2−] + VC and [Li+][MePrPyrr+][NTf2−] + VC ionic liquid electrolytes. The flash point of ionic liquid electrolytes containing 10 wt% of VC is above 300 °C, which
makes them practically non-flammable. 相似文献
2.
Kenzo Inoue Tatsuya Yamauchi Tomomichi Itoh Eiji Ihara 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2007,17(2):367-375
The role of cyclophosphazenes with oxyethylene chains (N3P3(OCH2CH2)nOCH3, (n = 3, 3, n = 7.2, 4) and N4P4[OC6H4O(CH2CH2O)7.2CH3]8 (8) for the synthesis and ionic conductivity in polymethacrylate networks was studied. Reflecting the structural features of
cyclophosphazenes, the 7Li NMR spectra of the mixture of 3 and LiN(SO2CF3)2 showed that more than 40% of the Li+ salt could exist as a free ion at room temperature. Similar values were obtained for 4 and 8. Cross-linked methacrylate polymers (12–14, and 16–18) were prepared from the reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate
both in the presence of these cyclophosphazenes which act as molecular imprinting molecules (method II, M-II) and without
the cyclophosphazene (method I) DSC studies of the imprinted polymer, 12(20)/3/Li+ system after removal of the cyclophosphazene showed that the glass transition temperature range (ΔTg) becomes significantly narrower compared to that of the unimprinted 11(20)/3/Li+ system, where cross-linked polymer 11(20) was prepared in the absence of the cyclophosphazenes (method I, M-I). The ionic conductivity of the Li+/cross-linked polymer system was improved by the subsequent readdition of the cyclophosphazenes. The 12(20)/3/Li+ complex showed a conductivity of 1.1 × 10−3 S/cm at 90 °C, which was two times higher than that of the 11(20)/3/Li+ complex. The effectiveness of the small molecule imprinting technique for the preparation of cross-linked polyelectrolytes
with high conductivity and mechanical stability is discussed.
We dedicate this paper to Professor Christopher W. Allen for his creative, pioneering work in inorganic ring and inorganic-organic
hybrid polymers. 相似文献
3.
S. W. Park Y. H. Yun S. D. Kim S. T. Yang W. S. Ahn G. Seo W. J. Kim 《Journal of Porous Materials》2010,17(5):589-595
ETS-10 was ion exchanged by various alkali cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+) and the BET surface area and pore volume was exactly consistent with cationic size; that is, in the order of Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+. It was observed that a single point adsorption capacity was inversely proportional to cationic size. The largest CO2 capacity was observed for Li+-ETS-10 and it is attributed to greater cation–quadrupole interactions with CO2 than larger cation. The results also suggests that as the CO2 loading is increased, the accessibility of adsorbing CO2 to framework basic O− sites should have become difficult with the increase in cationic size due to the blocking effect by extra-framework CO2-M+. The slight decrease in the slope of adsorption capacity with temperature, especially beyond 373 K for Li+-ETS-10 and K+-ETS-10 suggests that the adsorption of CO2 on small alkali cation exchanged-ETS-10 at high temperature is somewhat associated with basic oxygen anion sites in framework
due to the existence of large pore. The CO2-TPD results show that the amount of desorbed CO2 at higher temperature was proportionally increased due to the increased basicity of oxygen anions in framework. It also shows
that the desorption temperature associated with alkali cations in extra-framework (corresponding to low temperature desorption
peak) has been lowered with the increase in cationic size, indicating weak cation–quadrupole interactions with CO2 for larger cations. 相似文献
4.
Hong Yan Chu Qiong Yu Lai Yan Jing Hao Yan Zhao Xiao Yun Xu 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2009,39(10):2007-2013
Spinel Li4Mn5O12 was prepared by a sol–gel method. The manganese oxide and activated carbon composite (MnO2-AC) were prepared by a method in which KMnO4 was reduced by activated carbon (AC). The products were characterized by XRD and FTIR. The hybrid supercapacitor was fabricated
with Li4Mn5O12 and MnO2-AC, which were used as materials of the two electrodes. The pseudocapacitance performance of the Li4Mn5O12/MnO2-AC hybrid supercapacitor was studied in various aqueous electrolytes. Electrochemical properties of the Li4Mn5O12/MnO2-AC hybrid supercapacitor were studied by using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance measurement, and galvanostatic
charge/discharge tests. The results show that the hybrid supercapacitor has electrochemical capacitance performance. The charge/discharge
test showed that the specific capacitance of 51.3 F g−1 was obtained within potential range of 0–1.3 V at a charge/discharge current density of 100 mA g−1 in 1 mol L−1 Li2SO4 solution. The charge/discharge mechanism of Li4Mn5O12 and MnO2-AC was discussed. 相似文献
5.
Delwar Hossain Frank Hagelberg Svein Saebo Charles U. PittmanJr. 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2010,20(3):424-444
The structures of endohedral complexes of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cage molecule (HSiO3/2)12, with both D
2d
and D
6h
starting cage symmetries, containing the atomic or ionic species: Li0, Li+, Li−, Na0, Na+, Na−, K0, K+, K−, F−, Cl−, Br−, He, Ne, Ar were optimized by density functional theory using B3LYP and the 6-311G(d,p) and 6-311 ++G(2d,2p) basis sets.
The exohedral Li+, Na+, K+, K−, F−, Cl−, Br−, He, Ne, Ar complexes, were also optimized. The properties of these complexes depend on the nature of the species encapsulated
in, or bound to, the (HSiO3/2)12 cage. Noble gas (He, Ne and Ar) encapsulation in (HSiO3/2)12 has almost no effect on the cage geometry. Alkali metal cation encapsulation, in contrast, exhibits attractive interactions
with cage oxygen atoms, leading to cage shrinkage. Halide ion encapsulation expands the cage. The endohedral X@(HSiO3/2)12 (X = Li+, Na+, K+, F−, Cl−, Br−, He and Ne) complexes form exothermically from the isolated species. The very low ionization potentials of endohedral Li0, Na0, K0 complexes suggest that they behave like “superalkalis”. Several endohedral complexes with small guests appear to be viable
synthetic targets. The D
2d
symmetry of the empty cage was the minimum energy structure in accord with experiment. An exohedral fluoride penetrates the
D
6h
cage to form the endohedral complex without a barrier. 相似文献
6.
Fabio La Mantia Fabio Rosciano Nicolas Tran Petr Novák 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(7):893-896
Li1+x
(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−x
O2 (NMC) oxides are among the most promising positive electrode materials for future lithium–ion batteries. A voltage “plateau”
was observed on the first galvanostatic charging curve of NMC in the extended voltage region positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+ for compounds with x > 0 (overlithiated compounds). Differences were observed in the cycling stability of the overlithiated and stoichiometric
(x = 0) NMC oxides in this potential region. A differential plot of the charge vs. potential profile in the first cycle revealed
that, for the overlithiated compounds, a large irreversible oxidative peak arises positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, while in the same potential region only a small peak due to the electrolyte oxidation is detected for the stoichiometric
material. Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) was used to investigate the high voltage region for both compounds
and experimental evidence for oxygen evolution was provided for the overlithiated compounds at potentials positive to 4.5 V
vs. Li/Li+. No oxygen evolution was detected for the stoichiometric compound. 相似文献
7.
Shane M. Kendell Amy-Sue Alston Nick J. Ballam Trevor C. Brown Robert C. Burns 《Catalysis Letters》2011,141(3):374-390
Abstract
Twelve phosphomolybdate compounds were synthesized via cationic exchange and were of the form: M x H3–3x [PMo12O40] (M = Al, La or Ce; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1). These compounds were analyzed by XRD and adsorption isotherm. Aluminum addition causes a primitive cubic phase, while lanthanum and cerium yield body-centered structures. La and Ce addition reduces surface area of phosphomolybdate structure. Temperature-programmed experiments for the selective oxidation of isobutane yielded methacrolein, 3-methyl-2-oxetanone (lactone), acetic acid (not with aluminous compounds), propene (only with aluminous compounds), carbon dioxide and water. The preference for propene rather than acetic acid formation with Al3+ may be due to the smaller cation size, or primitive cubic structure. These products form via two distinct reaction processes, labeled categories 1 and 2. Category 1 formation is associated with isobutane forming products on the surface, but reaction rate determined by bulk migration of charged particles. Category 2 formation is concerned with isobutane penetrating deep within the bulk of the substrate and forming products which subsequently desorb in a series of bell-shaped humps. Methacrolein forms via both category 1 and 2, whilst all other products form via category 2 exclusively. Kinetic analysis showed apparent activation barriers for category 1 methacrolein formation range from 67 ± 2 kJ mol−1 to >350 kJ mol−1, and occur in groups with small, medium and large activation barriers. The addition of +3 metal cations to the phosphomolybdate anion increase thermal stability, significantly decreasing deactivation; IR spectroscopy shows that the Keggin structure remains intact during temperature-programmed experiments with the Al, La and Ce salts. 相似文献8.
Qizhen Xiao Zhaohui Li Deshu Gao Tao He Hailiang Zhang 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2009,39(2):247-251
Well-defined star shaped polymers with α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) core linking PMMA-block arms were synthesized by atom transfer
radical polymerization (ATRP). Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were prepared by encapsulating electrolyte solution of 1 mol L−1 of LiClO4/EC-PC (volume 1:1) into the obtained star shaped polymer host. The ionic conductivity of the GPEs and the cycling characteristics
of LiCoO2/GPEs/Graphite cell were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and charge-discharge testing, respectively. The
results indicate that the GPEs have a high ionic conductivity up to 1.63 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and exhibit a high electrochemical stability potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+). The discharge capacity of LiCoO2/GPEs/Graphite cell is about 98% of its initial discharge capacity after 20 cycles at 0.1 C rate. Discharge capacity of the
model cell with GPEs is stable with charge-discharge cycling. 相似文献
9.
Fatih Köleli Derya Röpke Rezzan Aydin Thorsten Röpke 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2011,41(4):405-413
The ac response of polyaniline thin films on platinum electrodes was measured at different dc potentials during the N2-fixation in methanol + LiClO4 electrolyte with 0.03 mol L−1 H2SO4 for the first time. The optimum film thickness was found to be 1.5 μm, N2-pressure 50 bar and an optimum electrolysis potential of −0.12 V (NHE). The diffusion coefficients for N2 into the polymer film was found to be (5 ± 2)×10−9 cm2 s−1. 相似文献
10.
In this work an equation of state applicable to the system containing electrolytes has been developed by coupling the perturbed
chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) with the primitive mean spherical approximation. The resulting electrolyte
equation of state is characterized by 4 ion parameters for each of the cation and anion contained in aqueous solutions, and
4 ion specific parameters for each of six cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) and six anions (Cl−, Br−, I−, HCO3−, NO3− and SO42−) were estimated, based upon the individual ion approach, from the fitting of experimental densities and mean ionic activity
coefficients of 26 aqueous single-salt solutions at 298.15 K and 1 bar. The present equation of state with the estimated individual
ion parameters has been found to satisfactorily describe not only the densities and mean ionic activity coefficients, but
also osmotic coefficients and water activities of single-salt aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the present model was extended
to two-salt aqueous solutions, and it has been found that thermodynamic properties such as mentioned above, of two-salt solutions,
can be well predicted with the present model, without any additional adjustable parameters. 相似文献
11.
Shiquan Wang Guohua Li Guodong Du Li Li Xueya Jiang Chuanqi Feng Zaiping Guo Seungjoo Kim 《Nanoscale research letters》2010,5(8):1301-1306
Cobalt-doped tungsten disulfide nanorods were synthesized by an approach involving exfoliation, intercalation, and the hydrothermal
process, using commercial WS2 powder as the precursor and n-butyllithium as the exfoliating reagent. XRD results indicate that the crystal phase of the sample is 2H-WS2. TEM images show that the sample consists of bamboo-like nanorods with a diameter of around 20 nm and a length of about 200 nm.
The Co-doped WS2 nanorods exhibit the reversible capacity of 568 mAh g−1 in a voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V versus Li/Li+. As an electrode material for the lithium battery, the Co-doped WS2 nanorods show enhanced charge capacity and cycling stability compared with the raw WS2 powder. 相似文献
12.
Abstract The nature of the ionic‐liquid (IL) anion has been found to have a remarkable effect on the solvent extraction of Sr2+ and Cs+ by dicyclohexano‐18‐crown‐6 dissolved in ionic liquids. In particular, the extraction efficiency increases with the hydrophobicity of the IL anion as reflected by the solubility in water of ILs having a common cation. Since a cation‐exchange mechanism is operating in these systems, the influence of the IL anion is in large part attributable to an expected Le Chatelier effect in which a greater aqueous concentration of IL cation, obtained when using an IL anion of lower hydrophobicity, opposes cation exchange. This dependence is opposite to that found for IL cations, indicating a significant advantage of using ILs with hydrophobic anions for cation extraction. Furthermore, the extraction selectivity for Sr2+ over Na+, K+, and Cs+ can be significantly improved through the use of hydrophobic anions for the ILs containing 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium or 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cations. 相似文献
13.
Influence of ionic liquids under controlled water activity and low halide content on lipase activity
Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as reaction media for nonaqueous biocatalysis. However, the purity of ILs
should be considered to understand the influence of ILs on enzyme activity. The major impurities in ILs are water and halide.
In the transesterification of benzyl alcohol with vinyl acetate, the optimal water activities for lipases in [Omim][Tf2N] were similar to those in organic solvents. The chloride impurity in [Omim][Tf2N] seriously influenced the activity of lipase. In this work, the effect of ILs on lipase activity was investigated under
controlled initial water activity and low halide content. The activity of lipase was highly dependent upon the anion structure
of ILs. The initial reaction rate of lipases followed the order [Tf2N]−>[PF6]−>[TfO]−>[SbF6]−≈[BF4]−. All tested lipases showed the highest activities in ILs containing [Tf2N] anion. Particularly, [AAIM][Tf2N] was shown as a suitable reaction medium for biocatalysis. Lipozyme IM showed the highest activity in this IL among tested
ILs. Thermal stability of lipase was also investigated. The higher thermal stability of Novozym 435 was obtained in hydrophobic
and water-immiscible ILs such as [Bmim][Tf2N], [Edmim][Tf2N], and [Bmim][PF6]. 相似文献
14.
Various ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared via metathesis reaction from two kinds of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium ([HEMIm]+) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl morphorinium ([HEMMor]+) cations and three kinds of tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]−), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([TFSI]−) and hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−) anions. All the [HEMIm]+ derivatives were in a liquid state at room temperature. In particular, [HEMIm][BF4] and [HEMIm][TFSI] showed no possible melting point from −150 °C to 200 °C by DSC analysis, and their high thermal stability until 380-400 °C was verified by TGA analysis. Also, their stable electrochemical property (electrochemical window of more than 6.0 V) and high ionic conductivity (0.002-0.004 S cm−1) further confirm that the suggested ILs are potential electrolytes for use in electrochemical devices. Simultaneously, the [HEMMor]+ derivatives have practical value in electrolyte applications because of their easy synthesis procedures, cheap morpholinium cation sources and possibilities of high Li+ mobility by oxygen group in the morpholinium cation. However, [HEMMor]+ derivatives showing high viscosity usually had lower ionic conductivities than [HEMIm]+ derivatives. 相似文献
15.
The electrochemical properties of amorphous vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin films deposited by reactive r.f.-sputtering were investigated using galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and galvanostatic
intermittent titration technique (GITT). As x in Li
x
V2O5−y
increased (x = 0–2.0), the electromotive force of the lithium (Li)∣1 M LiClO4–propylene carbonate∣Li
x
V2O5−y
cell decreased gradually without a potential plateau or an abrupt potential reduction, demonstrating that an irreversible
structural change did not occur in the entire Li content. Chemical diffusivity of the Li ion in the Li
x
V2O5−y
thin film measured using GITT was determined to be 4 × 10−13–7 × 10−14 cm2 s−1 in the Li content range investigated. 相似文献
16.
Summary
A new class of lithium salt with single-ionic characteristics, lithium sulfonated styrene oligomer (LiSSO) [(CH2CHC6H5)7-(CH2CHC6H4SO3
−Li+)2], was synthesized and its complex with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was prepared. The maximum ionic conductivity of the PEO/LiSSO
complex at 65°C was 2.1×10−4S/cm at a salt concentration of [Li+]/[EO] = 0.20. The lithium cationic transference number (t
+) of the PEO/LiSSO complex was found to be 0.95, and the polymer electrolyte was electrochemically stable up to 6.2V.
Received: 2 April 2001/Revised version: 30 July 2001/Accepted: 30 July 2001 相似文献
17.
N. Papastefanakis D. Mantzavinos A. Katsaounis 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2010,40(4):729-737
The electrochemical oxidation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) over a Ti/RuO2 anode was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis and compared with previous results over a Ti/IrO2 anode. Experiments were conducted at 300–1,220 mg L−1 initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, 0.05–1.35 V versus SHE and 1.39–1.48 V versus SHE potential windows,
15–50 mA cm−2 current densities, 0–20 mM NaCl, Na2SO4, or FeCl3 concentrations, 80 °C temperature, and acidic conditions. Partial and total oxidation reactions occur with the overall rate
being near first-order kinetics with respect to COD. Oxidation at 28 Ah L−1 and 50 mA cm−2 leads to quite high color and phenols removal (86 and 84%, respectively), elimination of ecotoxicity, and a satisfactory
COD and total organic carbon reduction (52 and 38%, respectively). Similar performance can be achieved at the same charge
(28 Ah L−1) using lower current densities (15 mA cm−2) but in the presence of various salts. For example, COD removal is less than 7% at 28 Ah L−1 in a salt-free sample, while addition of 20 mM NaCl results in 54% COD reduction. Decolorization of OMW using Ti/RuO2 anode seems to be independent of the presence of salts in contrast with Ti/IrO2 where addition of NaCl has a beneficial effect on decolorization. 相似文献
18.
Liangyu Gong Xiaohong Liu Linghao Su 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2011,21(4):866-870
Nickel hydroxide nanosheets were successfully synthesized by facile solvothermal method without any template. The structure
and morphology of the as-prepared sample were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
and transmission electron microscopy. The observations revealed the formation of hexagonal phase β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets with an average diameter of about 100–120 nm. Electrochemical studies were carried out using cyclic voltammetry
and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, respectively. A maximum specific capacitance of 2,342 F g−1, which is the highest reported for a β-Ni(OH)2 electrode, could be achieved in 6 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte within the potential range of 0–0.50 V (vs. SCE) for the obtained β-Ni(OH)2 electrode at 0.4 A g−1, suggesting its potential application in the electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. 相似文献
19.
Yong De Yan Mi Lin Zhang Yun Xue Wei Han Dian Xue Cao Li Yi He 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2009,39(3):455-461
This work presents a novel electrochemical study on the codeposition of Mg, Li and Al on a molybdenum electrode in LiCl–KCl–MgCl2–AlCl3 melts at 943 K to form Mg–Li–Al alloys. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) showed that the underpotential deposition (UPD) of magnesium
on pre-deposited aluminum leads to the formation of a liquid Mg–Al solution, and the succeeding underpotential deposition
of lithium on pre-deposited Mg–Al leads to the formation of a liquid Mg–Li–Al solution. Chronopotentiometric measurements
indicated that the codeposition of Mg, Li and Al occurs at current densities lower than −0.47 A cm−2 in LiCl–KCl–MgCl2 (0.525 mol kg−1) melts containing 0.075 mol kg−1 AlCl3. Chronoamperograms demonstrated that the onset potential for the codeposition of Mg, Li and Al is −2.100 V, and the codeposition
of Mg, Li and Al is formed when the applied potentials are more negative than −2.100 V. The diffusion coefficient of aluminum
ions in the melts was determined by different electrochemical techniques. X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma
analysis indicated that α, α + β and β Mg–Li–Al alloys with different lithium and aluminum contents were obtained via potentiostatic
and galvanostatic electrolysis. 相似文献
20.
Kinetic Study of the Prooxidant Effect of α-Tocopherol. Hydrogen Abstraction from Lipids by α-Tocopheroxyl Radical 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aya Ouchi Masaharu Ishikura Kensuke Konishi Shin-ichi Nagaoka Kazuo Mukai 《Lipids》2009,44(10):935-943
A kinetic study of the prooxidant effect of α-tocopherol was performed. The rates of allylic hydrogen abstraction from various
unsaturated fatty acid esters (ethyl stearate 1, ethyl oleate 2, ethyl linoleate 3, ethyl linolenate 4, and ethyl arachidonate 5) by α-tocopheroxyl radical in toluene were determined, using a double-mixing stopped-flow spectrophotometer. The second-order
rate constants (k
p) obtained are <1 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 for 1, 1.90 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 for 2, 8.33 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 for 3, 1.92 × 10−1 M−1 s−1 for 4, and 2.43 × 10−1 M−1 s−1 for 5 at 25.0 °C. Fatty acid esters 3, 4, and 5 contain two, four, and six –CH2– hydrogen atoms activated by two π-electron systems (–C=C–CH2–C=C–). On the other hand, fatty acid ester 2 has four –CH2– hydrogen atoms activated by a single π-electron system (–CH2–C=C–CH2–). Thus, the rate constants, k
abstr/H, given on an available hydrogen basis are k
p/4 = 4.75 × 10−3 M−1 s−1 for 2, k
p/2 = 4.16 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 for 3, k
p/4 = 4.79 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 for 4, and k
p/6 = 4.05 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 for 5. The k
abstr/H values obtained for 3, 4, and 5 are similar to each other, and are by about one order of magnitude higher than that for 2. From these results, it is suggested that the prooxidant effect of α-tocopherol in edible oils, fats, and low-density lipoproteins
may be induced by the above hydrogen abstraction reaction. 相似文献