底火初温对能量释放特性影响的实验研究

为了研究不同初温条件下底火的能量释放特性,在考虑热散失修正的基础上,设计了专门的微型绝热密闭爆发器,分别开展了绝热效果对比试验和3种初温条件下(-20 ℃、28 ℃和50 ℃)底火的击发试验研究,获得了不同工况下击发底火时密闭爆发器内压力随时间的变化关系。试验结果表明:对微型密闭爆发器进行绝热处理,压力损失和损失率分别降低了0.21 MPa和8.9%,而底火药的燃烧时间差别不大; 底火初温分别为-20 ℃、28 ℃和50 ℃时,底火击发后在微型绝热密闭爆发器中产生的最大压力依次为2.24 MPa、2.33 MPa和2.61 MPa,底火药的燃烧时间分别为1.30 ms、0.98 ms和0.78 ms,底火药燃气压力冲量分别为2.40 MPa·ms、2.29 MPa·ms和2.03 MPa·ms。由此表明,底火初温越高,底火药燃烧越猛烈,其燃烧时间越短,在密闭爆发器中产生的最大压力越高,但产生的压力冲量越小。该研究揭示了底火初温对其能量释放特性的影响规律。     

包覆药等离子体点火及燃烧性能的实验研究

在密闭爆发器中对等离子体点燃包覆药进行试验研究,并与常规电底火方式的包覆药密闭爆发器试验进行对比.试验分析结果表明:等离子体脉冲点火可以改善这种包覆药的点火和燃烧性能;通过调节等离子体脉冲的相关参数,可以相应调节包覆药的点火和燃烧性能参数.     

密閉爆发器用于测定低压下推进剂的燃速

密闭爆发器实验技术已经很完整地用于测定火炮、迫击炮、轻武器用火药的燃烧性能(大约750～3000公斤/厘米~2或73.55～294.2MPa压力下)。药条燃烧器技术用于测定压力范围高达约200公斤/厘米~2(19.6MPa)的火箭推进剂燃速。目前军械技术中一个趋势是发展短射程、高效率的火箭和火箭增程弹,其燃烧室压力为100—800公斤/厘米~2(9.8MPa～78.5MPa)。密闭爆发器技术目前已推广到上述燃烧室压力范围内的推进剂燃速测定,並取得了某些常用推进剂的一些实验结果。用于测量大约到200公斤/厘米~2(19.6MPa)压力范围的低压燃速的药条燃烧器技术已经完整地建立起来。约在750公斤/厘米~2～3000公斤/厘米~2(73.55MPa～294.2MPa)或以上的高压如加农炮、榴弹炮、轻武器和高效率迫击炮工作压力,此高压下的燃速由已经完整建立的密闭爆发器披术进行了计算。炸药研究与发展实验室已将上述密闭爆发器技术应用于测定100公斤/厘米~2～800公斤/厘米~2(9.8MPa～78.5MPa)范围的燃速。现代军械技术的趋势是引用用于反坦克、杀伤、爆破及其类似目的的近射程、高效率火箭和火箭增程弹,许多这些武器的工作燃烧室压力在上述范围内。因此,所讨论的炸药研究与发展实验室的密闭爆发器预计在此火箭武器设计方面是十分有用的。密闭爆发器技术是在一个容积可精确测量的恒定的容器中燃烧已知重量的火药,並记录火药燃烧时的压力一时间曲线。     

底火输出能量的几种测量方法

介绍了国内外底火输出能量的几种测量方法：压力测量法、光学测量法、声学测量法、机械能量输出测量法,分析了各种测量方法的特点及应用情况;提出结合密闭爆发器原理,通过测量底火输出的火焰温度、底火作用时的压力——时间关系、声学特性等,对底火输出能量进行全面定量化测试的研究方向。     

炮膛内底排装置燃烧特性计算分析

为了研究内弹道过程中底排装置的燃烧特性,基于两组不同底排药剂试样装填密度下的密闭爆发器燃烧试验数据,优化计算得到了高压工况下某底排药剂燃速模型为de/dt=8.51×10-8p0.579.建立了底排装置膛内燃烧模型与火炮-底部排气弹内弹道零维模型.针对某155 mm底排装置,在理想发射环境下,计算分析表明:膛内底排装置...     

高降压速率下复合底排药剂瞬变燃烧特性研究

为了提高底排弹出炮口时底排装置的工作稳定性与一致性,采用半密闭爆发器模拟炮口工况,借助高速录像系统,开展了高降压速率下复合底排药剂瞬变燃烧特性的试验研究。实验中,半密闭爆发器燃烧室压力控制在20～90MPa范围内,降压速率为1.2×103～6×103MPa.s-1。实验表明,因破孔压力及降压速率不同,复合底排药剂燃烧行为分为自行稳定复燃、永久熄灭和临界状态三种情况。决定这些行为的关键因素是降压速率与降压前的初始压力。分析表明,在火炮发射条件下,底部排气弹出膛口时,复合底排药剂燃烧环境恰好处于永久熄灭/熄灭后再复燃的临界状态。     

密闭爆发器实验技术的进展

密闭爆发器实验是一个重要的内弹道实验。直到现在,人们仍然沿用这个经典的实验测定发射药的火药力、余容、最大压力等一系列内弹道特征量,以及根据记录的压力—时间曲线,研究密闭爆发器中的点火燃烧过程,确定发射药的燃烧特性。近卄年来,密闭爆发器实验在国外取得了一系列重大进展,其中主要是一直采用记录的dp/dt—p曲线(或由记录的p—t曲线经转换而成dp/dt—p曲线)计算四个压力的dp/dt的     

枪弹底火瞬态火焰温度测试及其图像

为了评估某类枪弹底火的输出特性,针对底火输出火焰温度难以测量的特点,提出了在开放式爆发器内进行枪弹底火击发实验,并利用高速中波红外热像仪捕获底火击发全过程。利用落锤仪赋予枪弹底火相应的初始击发能量,同时触发红外热像仪采集火焰信息。对常温（25℃）、高温（50℃）、低温（-49℃）3种工况的枪弹底火实验数据和红外图像进行处理,结果表明：此类枪弹底火的输出火焰温度最高可达1204℃,火焰持续时间为3～4 ms;火焰随时间的变化过程可分为击发、扩散、成型、消散4个阶段,成型火焰的焰头和焰尾为高温区域。结合公式计算和软件校正,实验测量误差不超过6.6%,证明了该方法的可靠性,为评估枪弹底火的输出能量特性提供了新思路。     

某压裂火药燃烧速度特征与温度关系的密闭爆发器实验研究

为模拟某压裂火药在油井作业中燃气的压力变化规律,需要确定火药的燃烧速度与其温度的关系。利用密闭爆发器实验系统,获得不同温度条件下火药燃气的压力随时间的变化曲线。基于内弹道火药燃烧特征量静态分析方法,计算出不同温度下火药的燃烧速度定律,并进一步计算燃速系数与温度的关系。通过拟合得出火药的燃速随温度增长的指数式变化函数,通过误差分析判定该函数适用于30 ℃～150 ℃的温度变化区间,为不同温度下的井下模拟计算提供了理论支持。     

底火输出能量测试仪的设计

底火性能是否合格是判定贮存弹药质量是否合格的重要判据之一,将密闭爆发器、压电传感器、温度传感器、信号处理系统与计算机相结合,设计出了底火输出能量测试仪,既可检测底火发火性能,又可对底火的输出能量进行定量检测,从而能够可靠地判定底火的性能,为判定贮存弹药质量状况提供决策依据。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.