Ni基单晶高温合金原树枝状晶结构典型区域γ和γ′相成分的测算

导出了高温合金γ和γ′相的元素分配比和分配系数,以CMSX-2合金为研究对象,用EDAX区域扫描测得热处理后未变形试样和经持久变形至断裂试样原树枝状晶三个典型区域（枝晶干、枝晶臂和枝晶间）的成分,使用分配系数法计算了各区域中γ和γ′相的成分,分析了各区成分分布的特点及其与合金持久寿命的对应关系。     

Ni基单晶高温合金原树枝状晶结构典型区域γ和γ'相成分的测算

导出了高温合金γ和γ＇相的元素分配比和分配系数以 ＣＭＳＸ－２合金为研究对象,用 ＥＤＡＸ区域扫描测得热处理后未变形试样和经持久变形至断裂试样原树枝状晶三个典型区域（枝晶干、枝晶臂和枝晶间）的成分,使用分配系数法计算了各区域中γ和γ＇相的成分．分析了各区相成分分布的特点及其与合金持久寿命的对应关系     

直流电场对一种镍基单晶高温合金力学性能的影响

采用电场凝固技术在自制电场定向凝固装置上进行电场单晶生长，研究了直流电场对一种镍基单晶高温合金室温拉伸性能和高温持久性能的影响．结果表明，随着电流密度增大，合金的室温屈服强度明显提高，但抗拉强度无明显改善，且塑性降低；在980℃和221MPa条件下，高温持久时间显著延长，持久塑性得到改善．利用扫描电镜和电子探针对该合金的凝固组织、合金成分分布和断口形貌进行了分析．结果表明，直流电场引起枝晶间距及γ′相尺寸减小、成分偏析减轻，共晶和亚晶界减少．直流电场作用导致的γ′相尺寸减小及成分偏析减轻导致的γ／γ′错配度变化，对合金的屈服强度和高温持久性能的提高有贡献．     

镍基单晶高温合金γ和γ′相合金元素分布特征

用测算的办法分析了镍基单晶高温合金中γ和γ′相元素的分布特征.枝晶干和枝晶间γ和γ′相的化学成分测算表明,Cr、Mo、Co主要分布在γ相中,Ta、Al主要分布在γ′相,Ta在γ和γ′相中的分配比最大,W的分配比最小,Cr、Mo、W元素的分布特征为01,为正分布.对枝晶干和枝晶间错配度的测算表明,枝晶干和枝晶间的错配度相差较大,枝晶间的γ-γ′错配度大于枝晶干的错配度,这与试样中这两个区域γ′的尺寸大小和形态特点相对应.     

镍基单晶合金CMSX-2高温蠕变后的显微组织及合金元素分布特征

对单晶合金CMSX－2在1000℃下分别进行了载荷为95，120，165和216MPa的拉伸蠕变实验，在SEM下观察了合金试样枝晶干的枝晶间区域中γ′相的形态，有EDS方法分析了上述枝晶区域中合金元素的分布特点，对枝晶干和枝晶间区域中γ′形成元素Al,Ti,Ta的原子分数与基体固溶元素Cr,Co,W的原子分数的比值（CA1＋CTi CTa)/(Ccr CCo Cw)和同一元素在枝晶与在枝晶干中的原子分数比（Ci/Cc)Ta,Cr,Co,W以及共格错配度的变化对γ′相粗化程度和筏形化形态的影响分别进行了讨论。     

镍基合金DD10中γ/γ'晶格错配度厚度效应的X射线衍射分析

利用四轴X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定片状DD10镍基单晶高温合金减薄至不同厚度时基体相(γ)和沉淀强化相(γ′)的晶格常数.根据减薄过程中两相间约束变化得到晶格常数和错配度变化规律,计算出合金从三维块体错配应力状态向二维平面应力状态转化达到失稳状态的临界厚度以及与不同应力状态对应的晶格错配度.依照一定的假设条件,推算出与应力松弛条件对应的无错配应力状态下两相的晶格常数.分析结果表明:合金减薄达到临界厚度后,γ′相晶格常数随厚度减小而线性变小,γ相晶格常数无明显变化,与此对应的晶格错配度绝对值变大;减薄过程伴随γ/γ′两相间约束的减弱和相间微观应力松弛,晶格取向差和晶体嵌镶度增大,表层应力状态向平面应力状态转化.测量得到的临界厚度与无错配应力状态下的晶格常数可为高温合金单晶材料的应用设计和残余应力测试提供参考.     

镍基单晶合金枝晶型区域相成分最优化测算法

建立了用测算镍基单晶高温合金枝晶典型区域相成分的最优化数学模型，根据电子探针对枝晶典型区域成分的测定结果，运用BFGS拟Newton法及CONSTR约束优化算法，可以计算枝晶各典型区域中γ和γ′相成分，以镍基单晶合金CMSX－2和CMSX－4为对象，对优化测算结果进行了分析，证实了该方法的可行性。     

Ru和Cr对镍基单晶高温合金γ/γ′热处理组织演变的影响

通过对6种不同Ru(0—5.1%,质量分数,下同)和Cr(0—5.7%)含量的镍基单晶高温合金1100℃的时效和热处理组织观察与γ/γ′两相的成分分析,研究了Ru和Cr的独立和交互作用对合金元素成分分配比及热处理组织演变的影响.经1100℃/8 h时效后,在枝晶干处,不含Ru和Cr的基础合金γ′相接近球形,Re在该合金γ/γ′两相中的成分分配比较低,错配度接近于0.在基础合金中加入高Ru后,γ′相立方度和Re的成分分配比略有增大,错配度变负;在不含Ru合金与含Ru合金中,随着Cr含量的增大,γ′相的立方度和Re的成分分配比均显著增大,错配度明显变负.1100℃非加载下的长期热处理研究表明:γ′相接近球形且错配度接近于0的合金γ′相形貌稳定,在2000 h内只出现了粗化,没有发生筏排化现象;γ′相呈中间态并且错配度较小的合金γ′相粗化趋势较为明显;γ′相接近立方体形且错配度中等的合金在热处理800 h后形成近似筏排组织;同时加入Ru和Cr,随着Re的成分分配比和错配度的增大,γ′相为立方体形或长方体形的合金筏排化时间提前;其中高Ru中Cr合金热处理200 h就出现筏排化趋势,而错配度最高的高Ru高Cr合金热处理...     

镍基单晶高温合金CMSX—2原始树枝状晶中γ相的定向粗化

在７６０－１０５０℃和７５０－１４０ＭＰａ范围内，选择不同温度和应力的配合对ＣＭＳＸ－２合金进行持久拉伸至断裂，观察了试件原始树枝状晶区域（枝晶干、枝晶屑及枝晶间）中γ相的定向粗化及合金元素的分布特征。结果表明，γ的定相经程度在枝晶干内最大，在枝晶内次之，在枝晶间最小，在所有这些区域中，试验温度较高者的暄向粗化程度较大；各试件在持久试验后，γ形成元素Ｗ，Ｃｒ和Ｃｏ，γ形成元素Ａ１和Ｔａ，在原始支状     

Ti含量对一种镍基单晶合金组织和持久性能的影响

研究了3种不同含Ti量单晶高温合金的铸态、热处理态组织及持久性能。结果表明：Ti含量对合金的微观组织和持久性能都有明显的影响。随着钛含量的增加，铸态合金枝晶间区域的共晶尺寸和含量明显增大、增多，枝晶间区域的面积也逐渐增大。热处理后，3种合金的枝晶干处的γ′相形态基本一致，都为规则的立方体γ′相，尺寸大约为400nm-500nm。随着钛含量的增加，合金的持久寿命略有降低，延伸率略有增加。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.