Addressing the Future of Clinical Information Systems—Web-Based Multilayer Visualization

This paper addresses some key issues relating to the development of new technology for clinical information systems (CIS) in relation to imaging and visualizing data. With the increasing importance of molecular and cellular biology, a new type of medicine, molecular based medicine, is now developing. This will significantly alter the way in which medicine is practiced. The view is presented that CIS will need to operate seamlessly across the Biological Continuum, i.e., the hierarchy of the human organism comprising systems, viscera, tissue, cells, proteins, and genes. We propose a multilayered visualization interface, which operates across the Biological Continuum, based on Web-based technology. A visualization interface package for two-dimensional and three-dimensional image data at the visceral and cellular levels is described. Two application examples are presented: 1) MR knee images, at the visceral level and 2) endothelial nuclei images, acquired from confocal laser microscopy, at the cellular level     

多层铁电薄膜存储二极管的界面内建电压

利用准分子激光在p型硅薄片上淀积了多层铁电薄膜BIT／PZT／BIT、PZT／BIT和BIT。讨论了多层铁电薄膜界面内建电压，其中Au/BIT/PZT/TBIT/p-Si（100）的ΔVb最小而Au/BIT/p-Si(100)的ΔVb最大，但Au/BIT/PZT/TBIT/p-Si(100)的ΔVb与Au/BIT/p-Si(100)的ΔVb相差不多。Au/BIT/PZT/TBIT/p-Si(100)的I－V特性曲线非对称的整流特性和P－V回线的刻印失效是最小的而Au/BIT/p-Si(100)的则是最大的。     

在层状铁电薄膜二极管中的界面电位降

利用准分子激光原位淀积制备了BIT／PZT／BIT，PZT／BIT和BIT层状铁电薄膜，建立了一条修正的经验幂定律I＝A（ξV）^a和一个层状铁电流密度－电压（I－V）曲线的近似公式，它包括了非线性系数a和界面电位降特征参数ξ。由修正的经验幂定律和I－V曲线近似公式算出的界面电位降Vi与由C－V曲线理论得出的结果一致。界面电位降与测量电容，薄膜电容及耗尽层电容有关。     

A Dedicated Two-Channel Phased-Array Receiver Coil for High-Resolution MRI of the Rat Knee Cartilage at 7 T

In the field of small animal studies, the array coil imaging has become increasingly important. In this paper, a dedicated two-channel array coil operating at 300 MHz (7 T) for high-resolution MRI (HR-MRI) of the rat knee cartilage is presented. The average gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to a 15-mm multipurpose surface coil was 2.2. This SNR gain was used to improve the spatial resolution of 3-D acquisitions by decreasing the voxel size from 59$,times,$59 $,times,$156 $mu$m $^3$ to 51$,times,$51 $,times,$94 $mu$ m$^3$ without time penalty. Also, a set of two array coils was used to perform a simultaneous acquisition of both knee joints of a rat, maintaining the same scanning time without SNR or spatial resolution degradation compared to the single knee joint acquisition. This two-channel array coil is a key element to perform HR-MRI and extract cartilage morphological parameters such as thickness and volume.      

Interface Functionalities in Multilayer Stack Organic Light Emitting Transistors (OLETs)

Herein is described a multidisciplinary approach to understand the performance limitations of small molecule organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) based on a layered architecture, an innovative architecture potentially competitive with the state of the art and more flexible for spectral emission control. The processes of charge injection and field‐effect transport at metal/organic and organic/organic interfaces are analysed using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques in coordination. Atomic force microscopy and ultrasonic force microscopy are employed to characterize the interface morphology and the initial growth stages of organic films where charge transport actually occurs. X‐ray diffraction and near edge X‐ray dichroic absorption with linearly polarised light allow to determine the unit cell packing and the molecular orientation at the active organic interfaces, as well as the amount of non‐ordered domains. Moreover, chemical reactivity at the interfaces is measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that a strong reaction occurs at the metal‐organic interfaces, with molecular fragmentation. Additionally, the transport properties strongly depend on the nature of the materials forming the organic stack. Specifically, amorphous conjugated films as bottom layers can promote an increased molecular disorder in the upper active layer, with a concomitant deterioration of the conduction properties.     

Multilayer metallization for LSI

Recent advances in the manufacture of complex bipolar integrated circuits have led to a variety of techniques for metal interconnection on the chip. As the need for more and more devices has increased chip size, the problem of random defects has become catastrophic. Functional yields are often seen to drastically decrease or even vanish with attempts to fabricate very large bipolar parts. Since the major factor determining die size is the metal interconnect size and spacing, one way to conserve "real estate" while achieving highly complex circuits is to employ more than a single layer of interconnection metal. At present both double- and triple-layer schemes are being used. These multilayer metallizations, while solving the problem of chip defects, are not without serious drawbacks of their own. These problems are discussed. The Motorola multilayer systems considered are all aluminum based; i.e., pure aluminum or lightly doped aluminum. Although other metals are being experimented with, aluminum systems make up nearly all of the commercially available ICs at this time. In general, these metal layers are insulated from one another by a deposited dielectric, usually SiO2. The most prominent yield limiting problems are discussed. These include coverage of both metal edges and oxide steps with additional metal and/or another layer of oxide. Processing parameters such as profiles, thickness, temperature, composition, etc., that influence coverage are discussed as well as innovations for improving less-than-desirable results.     

The Role of the Interface in CO Oxidation on Au/CeO2 Multilayer Nanotowers

The CO oxidation reaction is studied in this work using a controlled structure consisting of Au/CeO₂ multilayers, in the form of towers of 10 × 10 µm² base, with layer thicknesses in the nanometer range. This structure is prepared on a 3″ Si wafer using reverse photolithography and vapor deposition in an e‐beam chamber. The thickness of each layer is of nanometer dimensions and only the edges of the Au and CeO₂ layers are exposed to the reaction gas mixture. The CO oxidation reaction rate is found to scale with the total length of the Au/CeO₂ interfaces for nanotowers with the same total Au and CeO₂ surface areas. TEM and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses reveal highly stressed gold films in the nanotowers, the lattice strain being temperature and film thickness dependent. Deactivation with time‐on‐stream is commensurate with relaxation of the gold films, as measured by a drop in their lattice strain.     

层状结构铁电薄膜中频率对界面电位降的影响

利用准分子激光原位沉积方法制备了层状结构铁电薄膜,借助HP4192A低频率阻抗分析仪对样品的C－V特性进行了测试,对同一频率下不同结构的铁电薄膜的界面电压降及不同频率下同一结构的铁电薄膜的界面电压降进行计算。结果表明,在同一频率下不同结构的铁电薄膜其界面电压降不同,同一结构的多层铁电薄膜在不同频度下其界面电压降也不同。不同的耗尽层厚度导致了界面电压降的不同。     

极紫外多层膜光栅技术研究进展

极紫外多层膜光栅是一种人造二维周期性结构,它将横向结构上的光栅衍射与深度结构上的多层膜布拉格衍射相结合,使得在极紫外波段采用非掠入射、高衍射效率、高光谱分辨率的分光元件成为可能,在天文学、物理学、材料科学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。介绍了极紫外多层膜光栅的应用;从光栅衬底制备与多层膜沉积两方面对多层膜光栅制备技术的研究进展进行了分析;并从实际应用角度出发,对未来多层膜光栅技术研究的发展趋势作了展望。     

Multilayer traffic engineering for multiservice environments

Multilayer traffic engineering (MLTE) serves to provide cross-layer online network optimization techniques to cope with rapid variations and short-term evolutions in traffic patterns. MLTE extends traffic engineering as it exists in IP/MPLS-based technology toward the multilayer IP/MPLS-over-optical transport network. In addition to the IP/MPLS traffic routing, MLTE exposes much larger adaptation flexibility by building on next-generation automatic switched optical transport networks. These offer fast setup and teardown of end-to-end multi-hop optical connections (lightpaths), which are offered to the IP/MPLS layer as dynamically provisioned capacity. This dynamic nature leads to an IP/MPLS logical topology that can be reconfigured on the fly, and IP/MPLS link capacity that can be up- or downgraded as client traffic demand varies. These MLTE techniques are generally used to increase perceived network performance in terms of throughput or QoS. As such, a MLTE-managed network offers a better than best-effort service. Many types of traditional and novel services are shifting toward IP/MPLS technology. Consequentially, MLTE algorithms and strategies should be conceived with the characteristics of such services in mind. We present a MLTE strategy that can be implemented in a robust and distributed way. This strategy is then taken as the starting point in a study which evaluates its suitability to such services. We show how the strategy can be adapted considering service performance metrics such as end-to-end delay, traffic loss, and routing stability, and how such service optimizations impact general MLTE objectives such as IP/MPLS logical topology mesh size reduction.

Multilayer traffic engineering for energy efficiency

Automatically switched multilayer IP-over-optical networks offer extensive flexibility in adapting the network to offered IP/MPLS traffic. Multilayer traffic engineering (MLTE) takes advantage of this through online IP logical topology reconfiguration in addition to the more traditional rerouting. The main goal of MLTE is to optimize toward resource usage, bandwidth throughput and QoS performance. However, energy efficiency of ICT infrastructure and the network in particular more recently have become an important aspect as well. In this article, we will look how MLTE helps in improving network energy efficiency. For this we will explain how optimization toward power requirement relates to the traditional resource usage minimization objective, and how power requirement in the network can be modeled for the MLTE algorithm. We will discuss two cases where the merit of MLTE for energy efficiency is discussed. Firstly, we will examine the interaction of MLTE with hardware-based energy efficiency optimization techniques; for this we look at scaling back power requirements through the use of better chip technology, but also decreasing idle-power requirement only, using improved chip architecture. Secondly, as MLTE allows for fast responses to changing traffic, we will see how link switch-off during off-peak hours offers a straightforward option to reduce energy needs.     

片式多层元件新技术概论

根据多层瓷介电容器的结构特征,全面概括了“独石”结构广泛应用于片式元件设计与制造的新趋势,重点论述了多层压敏电阻器,多层热敏电阻器,多层电感元件,多层复合元件等片式无源元件,引入独石结构较传统结构在性能上的显著改进和技术上的重大突破,总结了片式多层元件技术与应用的新进展。     

Interference-Cancellation Scheme for Multilayer Cellular Systems

A 5G network must be heterogeneous and support the co-existence of multilayer cells, multiple standards, and multiple application systems. This greatly improves link performance and increases link capacity. A network with co-existing macro and pico cells can alleviate traffic congestion caused by multicast or unicast subscribers, help satisfy huge traffic demands, and further extend converge. In order to practically implement advanced 5G technology, a number of technical problems have to be solved, one of which is inter-cell interference. A method called Almost Blank Subframe(ABS) has been proposed to mitigate interference; however, the reference signal in ABS still causes interference. This paper describes how interference can be cancelled by using the information in the ABS. First, the interference-signal model, which takes into account channel effect, time and frequency error, is presented. Then, an interference-cancellation scheme based on this model is studied. The timing and carrier frequency offset of the interference signal is compensated. Afterwards, the reference signal of the interfering cell is generated locally and the channel response is estimated using channel statistics. Then, the interference signal is reconstructed according to previous estimation of channel, timing, and carrier frequency offset. The interference is mitigated by subtracting the estimated interference signal. Computer simulation shows that this interference-cancellation algorithm significantly improves performance under different channel conditions.     

Multilayer traffic engineering for GMPLS-enabled networks

In recent years, significant work has been completed on traffic engineering enhancements to the generalized multiprotocol label switching protocol suite (E. Mannie Oct 2004) (D. Katz et al., Sept. 2003) (K. Kompella et al., Oct 2003). As a next step, reproducing the current trend of switching layers' integration happening in the data plane, network control is foreseen to go beyond the traditional per layer approach and tend toward an integrated model (K. Shimoto et al., Oct 2004) (E. Dotaro et al., Dec. 2004). In these multilayer environments, a single GMPLS control plane drives various distinct switching layers at the same time and as a coherent whole, taking benefit from the "common" property of GMPLS. Beyond this application of supporting network control across different technologies, in this article we catalog the unified traffic engineering paradigms, discuss their applicability, and present their enforcement techniques. Furthermore, we show that the common GMPLS concept has the advantage of low operational complexity, and enables unified TE capabilities such as efficient network resource usage and rapid service provisioning.     

PTFE基材多层POB的层压方法

介绍了聚四氟乙烯基材多层印制电路板层压用的设备、基材以及几种常用粘接薄膜、复合半固化片的层压方法和主要工艺参数。     

多层封装结构中的电阻计算

本文介绍一种结合矩量法的边界元分析法，用于计算多层封装结构中，具有任意边界形状的均匀导体平面上各接触点之间的等效电阻网络。     

基于PTFE的PCB的多层层压方法

介绍了采用不同材料类型的粘结膜、半固化片、所需设备和粘结材料,用于生产低到高层数的PTFE多层板的情况。     

满足高性能多层印制板的设计

如今PCB不仅仅是简单担当起一个电子互连的角色。就它自身的合适与否来说,它是一个涉及多方面的、专门的组件。为了能够满足复杂、高速PCB组件的降干扰、增加抗干扰能力,以及改善和提高信号的质量,一个设计团队扮演着非常重要的角色。     

Wise-ShopFloor: An Integrated Approach for Web-Based Collaborative Manufacturing

This paper presents an integrated approach for Web-based collaborative manufacturing, including distributed process planning, dynamic scheduling, real-time monitoring, and remote control. It is enabled by a Web-based integrated sensor-driven e-ShopFloor (Wise-ShopFloor) framework targeting distributed yet collaborative manufacturing environments. Utilizing the latest Java technologies (Java 3D and Java Servlet) for system implementation, this approach allows users to plan and control distant shop floor operations based on runtime information from the shop floor. The objective of this research is to develop methodology and algorithms for Web-based collaborative planning and control, supported by real-time monitoring for dynamic scheduling. Details on the principle of the Wise-ShopFloor framework, system architecture, and a proof-of-concept prototype are reported in this paper. An example of distributed process planning for remote machining is chosen as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach toward Web-based collaborative manufacturing.     

Exploring Multimedia Correlation and Synchronization for Web-Based Language Learning

Incorporating multimedia into Web documents is a direct and efficient means of conveying knowledge and is exemplified by the Web-based synchronized multimedia lecture project, which is designed for English and Chinese language self-learning. The project captures content from instructors' lectures - and, if appropriate, daily news broadcasts - then correlates and transforms it into an integrated Web presentation available anytime, anywhere for self-learning