QoS Routing for Mesh-Based Wireless LANs

Wireless LANs with their increased data rate become an attractive technology for connecting mobile users to the Internet. Efficient deployment of wireless LANs will require the ability to extend the wireless LANs coverage without the need to deploy a very large number of access points. Mesh-based wireless LANs are an attractive solution to this problem. These networks extend wireless LAN coverage by using each node in the network as a router, resulting in a multihop topology. In this paper we introduce a novel routing algorithm, wireless mesh routing (WMR), that provides quality-of-service (QoS) support and accounts for the characteristics of both infrastructure-based wireless LANs and ad hoc networks. The algorithm is validated using the OPNET modeler. The simulation results show that the mesh network using WMR protocol can provide QoS support and react dynamically to the network status changes with low control overheads. Using the proposed software architecture the proposed routing protocol can be implemented with any MAC protocol, resulting in easy implementation in existing wireless nodes.     

Routing Algorithm for Maximizing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network for Broadcast Transmission

This paper addresses the problem of optimal resource allocation in a multi-hop cognitive radio networks. The objective of the present work is to search for the shortest possible path from the source to the destination and explores the scope of the Bellman–Ford and the Dijkstra’s algorithms due to their low runtime complexity and ease of implementation in routing. Searching for the shortest path focuses on minimization to the outage probability, while satisfying simultaneously the limits of the total transmit power and the interference threshold to the primary user (PU). Fuzzy c-means clustering is used to speed up the route selection process for both the routing algorithms. Network lifetime is also studied for both the algorithms considering the link failure situation. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only minimizes the outage probability over the existing power allocation strategies but also reduces interference to the PU. Results also show that network lifetime is increased and faster route selection is possible.     

多跳无线网路由协议研究进展

移动计算和无线通信的飞速发展为无线网络的应用开辟了美好前景．作为一种没有基础设施的无线网络，多跳无线网在战场、紧急救援等场合具有得天独厚的优势。多跳无线网路由协议的主要作用是监控网络拓扑变化、交换路由信息、产生和维护路由，它是目前的研究热点之一。本介绍了该领域的研究进展，首先叙述多跳无线网的8个特点及其对路由协议的7个要求．然后描述21种路由协议的原理并比较它们的特性，最后阐述了10个研究方向。     

Distributed Transmit Power Control for Maximizing End-to-End Throughput in Wireless Multi-hop Networks

Wireless multi-hop networks have a solidarity property, in which each multi-hop link interferes mutually and so an increase in one link’s rate results in a decrease of the other links’ rate. In a multi-hop link, the end-to-end throughput between a source and destination is restricted by the lowest link rate, so the max-min fair allocation on the link rates is an optimal strategy to maximize the end-to-end throughput. In this paper, we verify that if the wireless links have a solidarity property, the max-min fair allocation has all link rates equal, so we propose a transmit power control (TPC) algorithm that decides the transmit power of multi-hop nodes to equalize all link rates. The proposed algorithm operates in a distributed manner, where each node averages the recognized link rates around itself, allocates its transmit power to achieve this average rate, and iterates this operation until all link rates become equal. Intensive simulation shows that the proposed TPC algorithm enables all link rates to converge on the same value, and thus maximizes the multi-hop end-to-end throughput while decreasing the power consumption of multi-hop nodes.     

Cooperative Protocols Design for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks with Multi-hop Routing

Wireless ad-hoc networks can experience significant performance degradation under fading channels. Spatial diversity has been shown to be an effective way of combating wireless fading with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique by transmitting correlated information through multiple antennas. The virtual MIMO technique, which allows multiple wireless stations with single antenna to form a virtual transmission array, is shown to be a viable solution from several recent studies. In this paper, we propose a complete system framework for wireless ad-hoc networks utilizing two different cooperative relaying techniques at the physical layer: the repetition coding and the space-time coding. In the data link layer, two medium access control protocols are proposed to accommodate the corresponding physical layer cooperative diversity schemes. In the network layer, diversity-aware routing protocols are proposed to determine the routing path and the relaying topology. Simulations with both constant bit rate and TCP (transmission control protocol) traffic show significant performance gains of the proposed cooperative relaying schemes.     

An Energy-Aware Hybrid Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Re-clustering-Based Multi-hop Routing

In recent years, cloud computing provides a spectacular platform for numerous users with persistent and alternative varying requirements. In the cloud environment, security and service availability are the two most significant factors during the data encryption process. For providing optimal service availability, it is necessary to establish a load balancing technique that is capable of balancing the request from diverse nodes present in the cloud. This paper aims in establishing a dynamic load balancing technique using the APMG approach. Here in this paper, we integrated adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-polynomial neural network as well as memory-based grey wolf optimization algorithm for optimal load balancing. The memory-based grey wolf optimization algorithm is employed to enhance the precision of ANFIS-PNN and to maximize the locations of the membership functions respectively. Also, two significant factors namely the turnaround time and CPU utilization involved in optimal load balancing scheme are evaluated. Finally, the performance evaluation of the proposed MG-ANFIS based dynamic load balancing approach is compared with various other load balancing approaches to determine the system performances.

     

Use of Different Acknowledgement Policies for Burst Transmission in Fiber-fed Wireless LANs

The IEEE 802.11 e medium access control (MAC) for quality-of-service (QoS) support in 802.11 networks defines burst transmission and new acknowledgment (ACK) operations as optional mechanisms for increasing channel utilization. In this paper, we investigate how the performance of these new features is affected by the presence of fiber delay in high speed Wireless LAN (WLAN) over fiber networks. It is shown that the negative effect of the fiber delay on the throughput performance of the 802.11 MAC protocol can be significantly reduced when burst transmission is used with the block or the no ACK policies.     

Optimal Routing and Data Aggregation for Maximizing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks

An optimal routing and data aggregation scheme for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper. The objective is to maximize the network lifetime by jointly optimizing data aggregation and routing. We adopt a model to integrate data aggregation with the underlying routing scheme and present a smoothing approximation function for the optimization problem. The necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving the optimality are derived and a distributed gradient algorithm is designed accordingly. We show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the data traffic and improve the network lifetime. The distributed algorithm can converge to the optimal value efficiently under all network configurations.      

无线多跳混合路由视频传输

提出了一种同时利用机会路由和传统路由进行跨层优化的实时视频传输方法,通过将I帧和P帧分别利用不同路由进行传输,获得了比单独利用传统路由或机会路由更好的性能。     

Reliability Strategies for Data Transmission in Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a new-type wireless network. Its core idea is that any of its wireless equipment can act as both an Access Point (AP) and a router. Each node in the network can send and receive signals as well as directly communicate with one or several peer nodes. One important issue to be considered in wireless Mesh networks is how to secure reliable data transmission in multi-hop links. To solve the problem, the 3GPP system architecture proposes two functionalities: ARQ and HARQ. This paper presents two HARQ schemes, namely hop-by-hop and edge-to-edge, and three ARQ schemes: hop-by-hop, edge-to-edge, and last-hop. Moreover, it proposes three solutions for WMNs from the perspective of protocol stock design: layered cooperative mechanism, relay ARQ mechanism and multi-hop mechanism.     

多跳认知无线Mesh网络中频谱决策与路由的跨层设计

灵活高效的频谱共享技术能够实现频谱资源的最大化利用,有效地缓解了无线频谱紧缺的现状。在一个与TDMA/FDMA蜂窝网络共存的多跳认知无线Mesh网络环境下,基于覆盖式（Underlay）与机会式（Overlay）相结合的频谱共享机制,提出了一种有效的链路层频谱决策与网络层路由的跨层设计方案。仿真结果表明,该方案比基于最小跳数的随机信道选择算法在网络端到端传输性能上有显著的优势。     

路由特性对IEEE802．11 DCF多跳网络容量的影响

使用数学分析方法研究基于IEEE 802.11 DCF的Ad Hoc网络中节点传输半径和路由策略选择问题.在节点均匀分布的多跳网络中,使用四种路由策略以及不同的节点传榆半径设王,试图找出能够使网络容量最大化的方案组合.计算结果表明,在节点密度一定的情况下,减小网络节点的传输距离有利于增加网络的容量,而在传输半径一定的条件下,使用能够导致长跳路由的策略,有利于提高网络容量.     

Multi-hop Multi-band Intelligent Relay-Based Architecture for LTE-Advanced Multi-hop Wireless Cellular Networks

In recent years, the cellular spectrum has become very crowded due to the tremendous success of mobile communications. However, a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum assigned to other services is used sporadically only. A first step towards cognitive radio can be implemented in LTE-advanced networks by sensing the available frequencies and exploiting the existing radio spectrum opportunistically in order to improve its utilization. In this paper, novel multi-hop multi-band intelligent (MMI) radio architecture is proposed for LTE-advanced cellular networks that would make use of a number of intelligent gateways in order to enable simultaneous usage of spectrum resources within the same cell. It relies on a multi-band network model with increasing number of channels which exponentially reduces the time required for resource allocation. Importantly, an analytical model has been proposed to describe the effects of fading on optimum position of gateway. This model was found to have a very close match with the simulation results, in the calculation of mean, standard deviation and the statistically carried out $t$ tests. Further, the two-hop architecture provides a significant increase in the system capacity. With nine bands and 50 nodes in the network, the MMI based two-hop design provides up to 150 % higher than that offered by a single-hop cellular design and with up to 40 % higher than when a state-of-the-art two-hop routing technique is employed.     

一种用于混合通信网机会式路由选择算法

传统的路由协议都是针对特定的有线或无线网络,仅仅考虑路由的建立过程、路由建立过程中的收敛速度、路由维护的网络开销及路由动态更新时环路的避免等性能。将其用于有线无线混合传输网络会导致较低系统性能。机会式路由选择算法综合分析了无线链路状态和网络时延的影响,得出了各路径优先级的计算表达式,在路由选择时根据各条路径的优先级来选择路由。仿真结果表明,与传统路由算法相比较,该算法能够提高系统吞吐量和减少系统传输时延。     

无线Mesh网络中数据传输可靠性的保障策略

无线Mesh网技术是一种新的无线网络技术,其核心是任何无线设备节点都可以同时作为接入点（AP）和路由器,网络中的每个节点都可以发送和接收信号,每个节点都可以与一个或者多个对等节点进行直接通信。无线Mesh网中需要考虑完成通信的多跳过程中产生的数据传输可靠性的保障问题。使用第三代合作伙伴计划（3GPP）的系统架构中提出的混合自动重传请求（HARQ）和自动重传请求（ARQ）功能,可以对多跳链路数据可靠传输进行保障。其中针对HARQ提出了逐跳和端到端两种方法,而对于ARQ功能除了逐跳和端到端两种方法外还增加了最后一跳的保障机制。从协议栈构架设计的角度,根据HARQ和OARQ机制提出了3种解决方法：分层机制、Relay ARQ机制、多剧SARQ机制。     

Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks through Optimal Single-Session Flow Routing

Wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important in recent years due to their ability to detect and convey real-time, in-situ information for many civilian and military applications. A fundamental challenge for such networks lies in energy constraint, which poses a performance limit on the achievable network lifetime. We consider a two-tier wireless sensor network and address the network lifetime problem for upper-tier aggregation and forwarding nodes (AFNs). Existing flow routing solutions proposed for maximizing network lifetime require AFNs to split flows to different paths during transmission, which we call multisession flow routing solutions. If an AFN is equipped with a single transmitter/receiver pair, a multisession flow routing solution requires a packet-level power control at the AFN so as to conserve energy, which calls for considerable overhead in synchronization among the AFNs. In this paper, we show that it is possible to achieve the same optimal network lifetime by power control on a much larger timescale with the so-called single-session flow routing solutions, under which the packet-level power control and, thus, strict requirement on synchronization are not necessary. We also show how to perform optimal single-session flow routing when the bit-rate of composite flows generated by AFNs is time-varying, as long as the average bit-rate can be estimated.     

Collision Localization for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

In this paper, we examine an algorithm for estimating the location of packet collisions, in the presence of bandlimited multipath channels. We propose an improvement to the collision localization algorithm to further enhance its performance to compensate for the increased impairments of the multipath channel. We then examine the collision localization algorithm in conjunction with two common wireless LAN standards, 802.11b and 802.11a/g. We show that for the 802.11b standard, the collision localization algorithm performs well, even in the presence of a multi-path channel. We also show that the 802.11 a/g standards are compatible with collision localization. However, we will see that the IFFT/FFT operations required to perform OFDM transmission limit the effectiveness of collision localization. We therefore also investigate collision localization in conjunction with block-based single carrier transmission, a comparable technology to OFDM, and offers some advantages when used with collision localization. In addition, we also investigate two applications of collision localization. First, we will show that collision localization in conjunction with Viterbi decoding with erasures can, in many cases, allow for corrupted packets to be completely recovered at the receiver. Second, we will also demonstrate that collision localization can be used to combat narrow-band interference, such as Bluetooth, in 802.11 a/g networks.     

Low-Complexity Symbol Detector for MIMO-OFDM-Based Wireless LANs

In this brief, a low-complexity hardware architecture for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol detectors with two transmit and two receive antennas is proposed. The detectors support two MIMO-OFDM schemes of space-frequency block coded OFDM and space-division multiplexing OFDM in order to achieve higher performance and throughput. However, symbol detection processes for these two schemes have high computational complexity, which is a burden to hardware implementation of MIMO-OFDM symbol detectors. In order to reduce complexity, the proposed symbol detector is designed with shared architecture, where similar functional blocks are merged and share the hardware resources, and results in the reduction of logic gates by 34% over a conventional architecture employing two individual detectors