一种基于Z曲线的新离群点挖掘算法*

提出一种基于密度的快速查找离群点的算法——基于Z曲线的离群点查找算法(ZOD), 依据Z曲线的构造过程将空间分割成大小相等的网格,沿着曲线延伸方向对网格进行排序,将落在网格中的点映射到一维空间,从而克服了基于网格算法的“维灾”缺点;同时用局部偏离指数指示离群点的偏离程度,又具有识别精度高和偏离程度可度量的优点。理论分析表明,该算法性能优于著名的基于密度的算法;实验结果表明,该算法与其他高维离群点挖掘算法相比,在效率及有效处理的维数方面均有显著提高。     

基于方形对称邻域的局部离群点检测方法*

针对NDOD(outlier detection algorithm based on neighborhood and density)算法在判断具有不同密度分布的聚类间过渡区域对象时存在的不足,以及为了降低算法时间复杂度,提出一种基于方形对称邻域的局部离群点检测方法。该算法改用方形邻域,吸收基于网格的思想,通过扩张方形邻域快速排除聚类点及避免"维灾";通过引入记忆思想,使得邻域查询次数及范围成倍地减小;同时新定义的离群度度量方法有利于提高检测精度。实验测试表明,该算法检测离群点的速度及精度均优于NDOD等算法。     

空间离群点的模型与跳跃取样查找算法

目前无论是查找一般的离群点，还是空间离群点，都强调非空间属性的偏离，但在图像处理、基于位置的服务等许多应用领域，空间与非空间属性要综合考虑。为此，首先提出了一个综合考虑两者的空间离群点定义，然后提出了一种新的基于密度的空间离群点查找方法——基于密度的跳跃取样空间离群点查找算法DBSODLS。由于已有的基于密度的离群点查找方法对每一点都要求进行邻域查询计算，故查找效率低，而该算法由于可充分利用已知的邻居信息，即不必计算所有点的邻域，从而能快速找到空间离群点。分析与试验结果表明，该算法时间性能明显优于目前已有的基于密度的算法。     

基于熵度量的空间邻域离群点查找

离群点的查找算法主要有两类：第一类是面向统计数据,把各种数据都看成是多维空间,没有区分空间维与非空间维,这类算法可能产生错误的判断或找到的是无意义的离群点;第二类算法面向空间数据,区分空间维与非空间维,但该类算法查找效率太低或不能查找邻域离群点。引入熵权的概念,提出了一种新的基于熵权的空间邻域离群点度量算法。算法面向空间数据,区分空间维与非空间维,利用空间索引划分空间邻域,用非空间属性计算空间偏离因子,由此度量空间邻域的离群点。理论分析表明,该算法是合理的。实验结果表明,算法具有对用户依赖性小、检测精度和计算效率高的优点。     

NLOF:一种新的基于密度的局部离群点检测算法

基于密度的局部离群点检测算法(LOF)的时间复杂度较高且不适用于大规模数据集和高维数据集的离群点检测。通过对LOF算法的分析,提出了一种新的局部离群点检测算法NLOF,该算法的主要思想如下:在数据对象邻域查询过程中,尽可能地利用已知信息优化邻近对象的邻域查询操作,有关邻域的计算查找都采用这种思想。首先通过聚类算法DBSCAN对数据集进行预处理,得到初步的异常数据集。然后利用LOF算法中计算局部异常因子的方法计算初步异常数据集中对象的局部异常程度。在计算数据对象的局部异常因子的过程中,引入去一划分信息熵增量,用去一划分信息熵差确定属性的权重,対属性的权值做具体的量化,在计算各对象之间的距离时采用加权距离。 在真实数据集上 对NLOF算法进行了充分的验证。结果显示,该算法能够提高离群点检测的精度,降低时间复杂度,实现有效的局部离群点的检测。     

NLOF：基于网格过滤的两阶段离群点检测算法

现有的离群度检测算法因没有对原数据进行处理导致计算时间复杂度过高,检测效果不理想。提出一种基于网格过滤的两阶段离群点检测算法NLOF。首先使用网格过滤对原数据进行初步筛选,将密度小于特定阈值的数据放入候选异常子集中;然后为了进一步优化基于密度的算法,基于k邻域,根据邻域中数据点的个数与邻域所组成圆的面积之比,作为数据点密度计算的依据,进行离群点检测以获得更准确的离群点集。在多种公开数据集上进行实验,实验表明,该方法可以在异常检测中取得良好的性能,同时降低了算法的时间复杂度。     

基于网格查询的局部离群点检测算法

针对基于密度的局部离群因子算法（LOF），需要计算距离矩阵来进行[k]近邻查寻，算法时间复杂度高，不适合大规模数据集检测的问题，提出基于网格查询的局部离群点检测算法。算法利用距离目标网格中的数据点最近的[k]个其他数据点，一定在该目标网格或在该目标网格的最近邻接网格中这一特性，来改进LOF算法的邻域查询操作，以此减少LOF算法在邻域查询时的计算量。实验结果证明，提出的LOGD算法在与原LOF算法具有基本相同的检测准确率的情况下，能够有效地降低离群点检测的时间。     

空间数据库中离群点的度量与查找新方法

如今查找离群点的方法有以下两类：第1类方法是面向统计数据库，把各种数据都看成是多维空间，没有区分空间维与非空间维的方法；第2类方法是面向空间数据库，区分空间维与非空间维的方法。目前提出的方法大多数是第1类方法，由于这类方法在空间数据库中直接应用可能产生错误的判断或找到无意义的离群点，而已有的第2类方法又查找效率太低或不能查找局部离群点，为此提出了一个新的基于邻域的离群点度量方法——空间偏离因子，这种方法面向空间数据库，不但可区分空间维与非空间维，并可以找到局部或全局的离群点；同时提出一种与邻域划分相结合的快速查找算法。理论分析表明，该方法是合理的。真实数据与模拟数据的实验也再次验证了这个模型与算法的可行性。     

面向位置大数据的快速密度聚类算法

本文面向位置大数据聚类,提出了一种简单但高效的快速密度聚类算法CBSCAN,以快速发现位置大数据中任意形状的聚类簇模式和噪声.首先,定义了Cell网格概念,并提出了基于Cell的距离分析理论,利用该距离分析,无需距离计算,可快速确定高密度区域的核心点和密度相连关系;其次,给出了网格簇定义,将基于位置点的密度簇映射成基于网格的密度簇,利用排他网格与相邻网格的密度关系,可快速确定网格簇的包含网格;第三,利用基于Cell的距离分析理论和网格簇概念,实现了一个快速密度聚类算法,将DBSCAN基于数据点的密度扩展聚类转换成基于Cell的密度扩展聚类,大大减少高密度区域的距离计算,利用位置数据的内在特性提高了聚类效率;最后,在基准测试数据上验证了所提算法的聚类效果,在位置大数据上的实验结果统计显示,相比DBSCAN、PR-Tree索引和Grid索引优化的DBSCAN,CBSCAN分别平均提升了525倍、30倍和11倍效率.     

基于区域划分的DBSCAN多密度聚类算法*

DBSCAN聚类算法使用固定的Eps和Minpts,处理多密度的数据效果不理想;并且算法的时间复杂度为O(n2)。针对以上问题,提出一种基于区域划分的DBSCAN多密度聚类算法。算法利用网格相对密度差把数据空间划分成密度不同的区域,每个区域的Eps根据该区域的密度计算自动获得,并利用DBSCAN算法进行聚类,提升了DBSCAN的精度;避免了DBSCAN在查找密度相连时需要遍历所有数据,从而改善了算法效率。实验表明算法能有效地对多密度数据进行聚类,对各种数据的适应力较强,效率较优。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。