离子液体复合膜用于渗透汽化分离乙醇水溶液

将离子液体[bmim]PF6引入制膜过程,制备了PDMS膜以及离子液体支撑液膜和PDMS-IL共混膜.用所制的膜进行渗透汽化实验分离乙醇水溶液,研究料液温度、浓度和真空度等对膜渗透通量和分离因子的影响,并比较了3种膜的分离效果.实验结果表明,在分离乙醇水溶液时,PDMS-IL共混膜的综合分离效果优于普通的PDMS膜,而离子液体支撑液膜分离性能不理想.此外膜渗透通量都随料液温度、浓度的增大而增大,随透过侧压力的增大而减小;分离因子随料液温度、浓度和透过侧压力的增大而减小.     

减压膜蒸馏从稀土氯化物溶液中回收盐酸

分析了HCl -RECl3-H2 O物系汽液平衡关系 ;在实验研究条件下的结果表明 ,增大料液中盐酸或稀土起始浓度 ,回收率增大 ,可达到 80 %的回收率 ;随着稀土浓缩程度增大 ,回收率明显增大 ;过程中稀土离子截留率一般大于 98%,在减压侧能回收得到较纯的盐酸溶液 .     

集成膜法回收硫酸稀土溶液中硫酸

对减压膜蒸馏浓缩硫酸稀土溶液和与扩散渗析联合回收低浓度的硫酸做了研究．结果表明,水通量随着溶液中稀土及硫酸浓度的增大而减小,随温度升高、减压侧压力降低及料液流速增大而增大;先用减压膜蒸馏法浓缩硫酸稀土溶液,再用扩散渗析法回收硫酸对稀土截留率基本无影响,但大大增高了回收液硫酸的浓度,减少了扩散渗析的处理量,而浓缩倍数越大则效果越明显．     

减压膜蒸馏处理茶多酚-乙醇-水溶液

采用聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜 ,对减压膜蒸馏分离茶多酚 -乙醇 -废水溶液中的乙醇进行研究 .探讨了实验条件对膜分离性能的影响 ,得到了最佳工艺条件 :冷侧压力 0 .0 13MPa ,料液温度 6 5℃ ,料液流量 5 5L·h- 1,料液中乙醇质量分数 2 5 %,在此条件下膜具有良好的分离性能 ,此时 ,膜通量 35 0 8L·m- 2 ·h- 1,馏出液乙醇体积分数 34 0 2 %,茶多酚截留率 99.6 %.理论分析和实验表明 ,作为一种新型的水处理技术 ,减压膜蒸馏具有膜通量大、成本低、分离效果好等优点 ,可用于工业生产 .     

聚二甲基硅氧烷膜蒸汽渗透分离低浓度乙醇/水溶液的研究

对聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)膜蒸汽渗透分离低浓度乙醇/水溶液的性能进行了研究,考察了料液浓度、膜器温度、循环气体流量、真空度等因素对PDMS膜蒸汽渗透性能的影响.结果表明,渗透通量和渗透侧乙醇浓度随着料液中乙醇浓度的增大而增大,但分离因子有所降低;随着膜器温度的升高,渗透通量增加,渗透侧乙醇浓度下降,影响显著;随着循环气体流量的增大,渗透通量和渗透侧乙醇浓度均有较大幅度的提升,有利于蒸汽渗透过程的进行;随着真空度的增大,渗透通量上升,渗透侧乙醇浓度下降.     

渗透汽化法处理甲醛废水

采用硅橡胶(PDMS)/乙酸纤维素(CA)复合膜对甲醛废水溶液进行渗透汽化处理,通过改变料液温度、料液浓度等因素考察其对渗透通量及分离因子的影响.实验结果表明,一定温度范围内,该体系的渗透汽化过程存在一个最佳的分离因子;在研究处理质量分数为1%甲醛废液时,透过侧压力为13 kPa时,在50℃下可以达到最佳的分离效率,此时甲醛的渗透通量可达到110 g/(m2.h),分离因子为1.75,但随着透过侧压力的增高,渗透通量线性降低,分离因子降低;料液浓度越高,膜的渗透通量越大,但最佳分离因子几乎没有改变.通过Arhe-nius关系式,得出该复合膜的表观活化能为27.57 kJ/mol.与其它甲醛废水分离方法相比,渗透汽化法具有设备简单,操作方便,费用低廉等特点,为工业化的应用提供了新的技术尝试.     

PDMS-b-PPO非对称渗透汽化膜对乙醇/水的分离性能

以聚二甲基硅氧烷聚苯醚(PDMS-PPO)嵌段共聚物为膜材料,正丁醇为添加剂,氯仿为溶剂,采用凝胶溶胶法制备非对称渗透汽化膜,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对膜进行形貌表征及元素分析.研究了铸膜液浓度、膜后侧压力、进料液流速对乙醇/水混合物渗透汽化分离性能的影响.结果表明,随着铸膜液中嵌段共聚物质量分数的增大,非对称膜的分离因子和渗透通量呈先上升后下降的趋势;随着膜后侧压力的增加,分离因子呈上升趋势,而渗透通量下降较快;随着料液流速的提高,分离因子先上升后下降,而渗透通量呈减小的趋势.以嵌段共聚物质量分数为11%制备的非对称膜,在进料液乙醇含量(质量分数)5%、温度60℃、膜后侧压力10kPa、料液流速0.267L/min时,膜的渗透通量为850.7g/(m2.h),分离因子为8.78.实验表明,PDMS-b-PPO非对称膜对乙醇具有优先选择性,并有较高的渗透通量.     

溴化聚苯醚渗透汽化非对称膜的制备及其乙醇/水分离性能

对聚苯醚(PPO)进行了溴代反应,采用凝胶相转化法制备溴代聚苯醚(BPPO)非对称膜.通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察膜表面及断面形貌,并以低浓度乙醇/水体系为研究对象,考察了添加剂含量、BPPO浓度、料液组成及料液温度对BPPO膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响.结果表明,该非对称膜较文献报道中的PPO膜,其分离因子有了明显的提高,在60℃添加剂浓度9.9％,BPPO浓度10％,进料液乙醇浓度5％时,膜的渗透通量236.4 g/(m2·h),其对乙醇的分离因子达到16.74.随着料液中乙醇浓度的增大,BPPO膜的分离因子减小,渗透通量增大；而随料液温度的升高,BPPO膜的分离因子及渗透通量均增大.     

PDMS中空纤维复合膜渗透汽化分离丙酮-水溶液

采用干湿相转化法纺制了聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤底膜,并采用溶液浸渍法制备PDMS/PSF中空纤维复合膜.研究了PDMS膜的溶胀性能和PDMS/PSF膜渗透汽化性能,考察了PDMS/PSF膜的稳定性以及料液温度、料液丙酮浓度和渗透物侧压力等因素对膜渗透汽化性能的影响.结果表明,PDMS膜对丙酮有很强的吸附能力而对水的吸附能力则相对较弱,渗透液中丙酮浓度大于膜溶胀液中丙酮浓度,远远大于浸泡液中丙酮浓度,连续操作72 h膜的渗透汽化性能保持稳定,渗透通量随料液温度以及料液浓度的升高而增加,分离系数随料液浓度的增加而降低,基本不受温度的影响.当丙酮质量分数5%、料液温度为60℃时,渗透通量为632 g/(m2.h),分离系数为35.8,丙酮和水的表观活化能分别为45.7和49 kJ/mol.     

交联壳聚糖共混膜醇水混合液分离性能研究

研究了醇水混合液体系在经交联的聚乙二醇／壳聚糖共混膜中的渗透蒸发分离性能．讨论了共混膜组成、料液浓度和温度、膜下侧压力等对渗透蒸发性能的影响．结果发现聚乙二醇的掺入能大大提高壳聚糖膜的渗透通量，但分离因子降低．当料液乙醇质量分数为８０％时，渗透通量及分离因子都随温度的升高而增加．料液中加入少量ＺｒＯＣｌ２能把分离因子从原来的８．８提高到７４．同时发现膜下游侧压力不仅仅影响渗透组分在膜表面的蒸发，还影响整个渗透蒸发传质过程．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...