我国湿热地区使用分体空调建筑的热舒适与热适应现场研究(1):热环境与热感受

在对广州某校使用分体空调建筑进行为期1年的现场调研基础上,对33周共计1 395人次的调研数据从热环境和热感受方面进行了分析,得到了我国湿热地区使用分体空调建筑的室内热环境变化特征,确定了热中性温度和80%可接受温度范围,分析了热感觉的季节变化,与人工气候室实验结果和自然通风建筑现场调研结果进行了综合对比,获得了湿热地区人群在建筑环境中的热适应特征。     

我国湿热地区使用分体空调建筑的热舒适与热适应现场研究(2):适应行为

对受试者在建筑热环境中调整服装、开窗、使用风扇和启停空调器等适应行为进行了分析,得到了我国湿热地区人群在使用分体空调建筑中的适应行为特征,确定了适应行为变化的有效温度范围和关系式,并在与以往研究结果的综合对比中获得了湿热地区人群在建筑环境中的热适应特征。     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(4):分体空调建筑人群的实验结果

采用气候室实验与现场调研相结合的方法,对我国湿热地区分体空调建筑人群进行了冬夏两季的气候室实验,针对当前环境、热经历、气候和季节4个适应要素展开了一系列对比分析,得到湿热地区人群的热适应特征为:季节和气候性适应体现在生理热反应上,前者表现为夏季与冬季相比心率下降,出汗量增多,皮肤温度下降,后者表现为与温带气候相比,湿热气候人群的出汗量减少,皮肤温度降低;环境控制度和热经历对心理热反应产生影响,较高控制度环境与较低控制度环境相比,较凉经历与较热经历相比,热感觉随环境的变化更敏感,可接受的热感觉范围更宽。     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(3):冬夏对比分析

沿用经典热舒适研究方法,对我国湿热地区自然通风环境受试者分别进行夏季和冬季气候室实验,并对其心理反应与生理反应作冬夏季对比,得到其热反应的季节性变化特征为:与夏季相比,冬季的热感觉保持不变,但热舒适度与可接受度在低温环境显著降低,而在高温环境显著升高;心率显著增加,皮肤温度有所升高,在高温环境下的皮肤湿润度有所降低.季节性变化特征为湿热地区人群心理适应与生理习服提供了重要证据.     

我国湿热地区自然通风建筑夏季热舒适研究——以广州为例

2008年夏季对广州某高校学生在自然通风建筑中进行了501人次的热舒适现场调查,调查内容包括热感觉、热舒适度、热可接受度及潮湿感,并对相应的室内干球温度、相对湿度、黑球温度和风速等热环境参数进行了测试记录。通过对数据的整理分析发现,自然通风建筑的夏季室内温湿度均高于ASHRAE标准的舒适区域,但人们对该环境有较好的适应性。调查结果表明,我国湿热地区自然通风建筑的热中性温度为28.1℃(ET*=29.3℃),可接受的热环境温度的上限为29.7℃(ET*=30.9℃),相对湿度上限为78%。     

重庆夏季自然通风对住宅热舒适的影响分析

住宅非空调工况下的自然通风对室内热湿环境质量有显著影响。结合重庆地区近五年夏季逐时气象参数和民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准,分析重庆地区居住建筑夏季自然通风的可利用率。并以该地区某一住宅为对象,测试夏季自然通风情况下的不同天气过程的室内外热湿环境参数,采用预计适应性平均热感觉指标(APMV)和预计适应性不满意者的百分数(APPD),在分析门窗开关和房间朝向对热舒适影响基础上,提出重庆地区住宅夏季自然通风运行策略。研究结论可为该地区居住建筑的设计和室内热环境的调控提供参考。     

基于热舒适的建筑外墙隔热设计参数研究

给出了夏热冬冷地区和寒冷地区4个典型城市的热适应模型与热可接受温度区间。对4个城市的常见围护结构进行了调研,基于夏季典型设计日室外空气温度动态变化,得到了不同围护结构内表面温度的逐时变化值。基于热适应模型,确定了不同气候区典型城市常见围护结构人可接受的最高内表面温度,并与现行相关规范进行了对比分析。结果显示,上海市和西安市规范所规定的自然通风环境下围护结构内表面最高温度无法满足人员热舒适要求,规范规定限值应进行适当下调。     

衡阳地区高校学生宿舍夏季室内热环境的研究

为了研究衡阳地区高校学生宿舍在夏季自然通风条件下室内的热环境与热舒适度,对衡阳地区某高校学生宿舍室内的环境参数进行现场测试,并同时对宿舍常驻学生进行了室内热湿环境的主观问卷调查.通过对调研结果分析发现,夏季自然通风条件下,宿舍室内的热感觉为热,相对湿度较高,室内通风效果不佳,63％的学生对宿舍室内的热舒适性表示不满意.利用适应性PMV模型计算得出夏季宿舍室内的热湿环境处于Ⅲ级标准,室内热环境较差.通过线性拟合得到预测平均热感觉PMV与操作温度top的关系式,研究结果得自然通风下学生宿舍夏季室内可接受温度为23.9～28.6℃,室内的热中性温度为26.3℃.     

湿热地区人群夏季主动利用气流的研究(1):行为与动机

气流是湿热地区人群改善夏季室内热环境的有效方式。通过对自然通风宿舍32名大学生的夏季现场测试与调研,获得了他们主动利用气流行为的变化特征,并就行为背后的动机加以分析,结果显示:门窗的开启兼顾热环境改善和通风换气,开启率随新有效温度缓慢线性增长;风扇的使用以改善热环境为主,使用率随新有效温度呈较好的S形关系变化,增长迅速而剧烈。研究结果对建筑自然通风和风扇设计及建筑热环境与能耗模拟有参考价值。     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(2):研究结果的对比分析

基于我国湿热地区人群的气候室实验结果,从心理热反应、生理热反应和生理-心理关系等多方面对国内外研究结果进行了系统对比与分析,发现现行国际标准不适用于我国湿热地区,生理热习服和心理热适应是其重要原因。考虑热习服和热适应的影响作用,建立我国湿热地区人群的生理热调节模型与心理-生理模型,是掌握其基础热舒适反应规律、合理制定热环境标准的重要途径。     

Indoor thermal environment evaluations and parametric analyses in naturally ventilated buildings in dry season using a field survey and PMVe-PPDe model

The PMV model predicts thermal sensation well in HVAC buildings while it predicts a warmer thermal sensation than the occupants actually feel in naturally ventilated buildings. For using PMV model to predict thermal sensation well in a naturally ventilated building, the extended PMV model (PMVe) including an expectancy factor (e) and PMV was proposed by Fanger. Besides, calculations of PMV are too complex to be applied in practice. To obtain simple and applicable correlations, taking Qujing of Yunnan province, China, as example, a dry season (6-month) field measurement was conducted in a naturally ventilated residential room. Based on the collected data, PMVe values were calculated by using Newton’s iterative method. It is shown that the PMVe values approximately vary from −1.3 to 0.20 and the indoor thermal environment is somewhat discomfortable on some cloudy or rainy days. Parameters relationships and indoor air temperature gradients (vertical and horizontal) were also studied by using linear regression technique and quadratic polynomial fit technique. Numerous correlations with high relativities have been developed. It is convenient to use these results to evaluate the indoor thermal environment in naturally ventilated buildings under similar climatic conditions.     

自然通风热舒适探讨

介绍了人体热舒适评价指标及自然通风热舒适评价指标,探讨了建立适合我国自然通风热舒适的评价模型,对进一步研究自然通风热舒适有一定的指导意义。     

A comparative analysis of urban and rural residential thermal comfort under natural ventilation environment

The paper presents a field study of occupants’ thermal comfort and residential thermal environment conducted in an urban and a rural area in Hunan province, which is located in central southern China. The study was performed during the cold winter 2006. Twenty-eight naturally ventilated urban residences and 30 also naturally ventilated rural residences were investigated. A comparative analysis was performed on results from urban and rural residences. The mean thermal sensation vote of rural residences is approximately 0.4 higher than that of urban residences at the same operative temperature. Thermal sensation votes calculated by Fanger’s PMV model did not agree with these obtained directly from the questionnaire data. The neutral operative temperature of urban and rural residences is 14.0 and 11.5 °C, respectively. Percentage of acceptable votes of rural occupants is higher than that of urban occupants at the same operative temperature. It suggests that rural occupants may have higher cold tolerance than urban occupants for their physiological acclimatization, or have relative lower thermal expectation than urban occupants because of few air-conditioners used in the rural area. The research will be instrumental to researchers to formulate thermal standards for naturally ventilated buildings in rural areas.     

Comparison of thermal comfort algorithms in naturally ventilated office buildings

With the actual environmental issues of energy savings in buildings, there are more efforts to prevent any increase in energy use associated with installing air-conditioning systems. The actual standard of thermal comfort in buildings ISO 7730 is based on static model that is acceptable in air-conditioned buildings, but unreliable for the case of naturally ventilated buildings. The different field studies have shown that occupants of naturally ventilated buildings accept and prefer a significantly wider range of temperatures compared to occupants of air-conditioned buildings. The results of these field studies have contributed to develop the adaptive approach. Adaptive comfort algorithms have been integrated in EN15251 and ASHRAE standards to take into account the adaptive approach in naturally ventilated buildings. These adaptive algorithms seem to be more efficient for naturally ventilated buildings, but need to be assessed in field studies. This paper evaluates different algorithms from both static and adaptive approach in naturally ventilated buildings across a field survey that has been conducted in France in five naturally ventilated office buildings. The paper presents the methodology guidelines, and the thermal comfort algorithms considered. The results of application of different algorithms are provided with a comparative analysis to assess the applied algorithms.     

上海地区适应性热舒适研究

为研究上海地区人体热感觉和适应性热舒适现状,通过环境参数测量和问卷调查结合的方式来分析和探讨室内外气候条件、服装热阻、热感觉等关系。本文主要涉及自然通风建筑内人体热感觉和热中性温度随季节变化的关系。结果表明:在适应性热舒适研究中,人体中性温度与室外环境温度具有较强的相关性,得到的上海地区适应性热舒适模型可为适合我国自身特点的热舒适研究提供依据。     

Field study of a thermal environment and adaptive model in Shanghai

A long-term field investigation was carried out in naturally ventilated residential buildings in Shanghai from April 2003 to November 2004. A total of 1,768 returned questionnaires were collected in the study. This study deals with the thermal sensation of occupants in naturally ventilated buildings and the change in thermal neutral temperature with season. The range of accepted temperature in naturally ventilated buildings is between 14.7 degrees C T(op) and 29.8 degrees C T(op). The results also report the findings of the adaptive comfort model in Shanghai that determines the adaptive relationship of neutral temperature with outdoor air temperature. A long-term field study was carried out in residential buildings in Shanghai to find the relationship between thermal sensation, indoor neutral temperature and outdoor temperature. This paper presents findings of thermal comfort and discusses the more sustainable standard for the indoor climate of residential buildings in Shanghai.     

湖北山区农宅热环境及居民热舒适调查研究

基于2 171份来自湖北山区罗田县农宅冬、夏两季室内外热环境和热舒适问卷,真实再现了当地住宅室内冬季寒冷、夏季湿热的恶劣热环境和当地居民强大的热适应能力;并通过比较研究发现现有的自然通风状态热舒适评价模型在夏季能较好地预测当地农民的热舒适感受,而在冬季预测能力较低;当地农宅室内适应性热舒适区间与我国现行设计标准也较为吻合。     

An investigation into the thermal performance of office buildings in Ghana

This paper comprises the outcome of a long-term monitoring of the thermal conditions in a selected number of office buildings in Kumasi, Ghana. The observed data was not only used to assess indoor environmental conditions in these offices, but also to calibrate a number of thermal simulation models of the buildings. Thus, a simulation-based exploration of thermal retrofit options towards a general reduction of cooling requirements could be conducted. Moreover, the impact of thermal retrofit measures towards reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions was assessed and the amortization times for investments in such retrofit measures were estimated. The results suggest that improvements in building fabric and controls (with payback times of 3–12 years) can reduce buildings’ cooling loads by around 20–35% and CO₂ emissions around 27%. Additionally, the outcome of interviews conducted showed that 45% and 70% of occupants in mixed-mode and naturally ventilated buildings were uncomfortable with the air quality during the dry season. The highest dissatisfaction with indoor environment was reported by 85% of the occupants in the naturally ventilated building. The importance attached to the operation of windows and shades was relatively high, 55–80%, depending on building type.     

厦门某海滨住宅夏季自然通风与室内热环境实测与分析

本文采用自动记录仪,对厦门某海滨住宅夏季自然通风与室内热环境进行实测。根据测得的自然通风时段,分析了自然通风对房间风速及室内热环境的影响。主要结论有:(1)在自然通风条件下,房间白天室内风速均值及波动值较夜间大。(2)房间在自然通风时段,室内气温均值略低于室外,室内气温波动明显低于室外且各房间气温波动差别不大;房间在非自然通风时段,室内气温均值与室外气温相当,室温变化相当平缓。(3)无论是自然通风还是非自然通风,房间的黑球温度与室内空气温度差别很小。(4)当房间处于非自然通风状态时,室内热环境总是处于"不可接受"水平,当房间处于自然通风状态时,其室内热环境几乎全时段达到"可接受"水平,且有的房间在某些时段可达到"热舒适"水平。