An empirical L-band scintillation model for a mid-latitude station,Weihai, China during the low solar activity period

Mid-latitude ionospheric scintillation has been studied in very poor proportion as compared to the equatorial and high latitude ionospheric scintillation. Mid-latitude ionospheric scintillations are often associated with either day time photo-ionization or due to the storm enhanced density. Using the phase screen model and the wave propagation theory in random media, we have identified the orientation of the ionospheric irregularities over Weihai with the local geomagnetic field. Amplitude and phase scintillation data observed using global positioning system(GPS) scintillation receiver deployed at the mid-latitude observation station Weihai, have been used along with K-index derived from the horizontal magnetic field component of the local magnetometer. The proposed model uses the scintillation indices relationship with the local K-index. We identified the scintillation dependence over local K-index during geomagnetic quiet and disturbed condition. This dependence coefficient is used on the real scintillation data for modeling. The presented scintillation model has been validated by comparing it to the real observations. The co-relation coefficient is more than 90% during the disturbed as well as quiet geomagnetic conditions.     

Design method for bandwidth and synthetic aperture time in GEOSAR

The complex relative motions between the Radar platform and the targets are more complex in geosynchronous Synthetic aperture radar (GEO SAR). The assumption that range and azimuth are uncoupled in Low-Earth-Orbit SAR does not hold in GEO SAR. The common calculation method for bandwidth and synthetic aperture time cannot be used in GEO SAR. In this paper, a method suit able for GEO SAR is proposed to design imaging parameters including the bandwidth and synthetic aperture time. First, a resolution analysis method with analytical expression is deduced based on geometrical mapping, and then based this expression, the bandwidth and the synthetic aperture time are optimized to meet the resolution's needs on value and shape (close to a circle). Finally, a design example in a GEO ellipse orbit is given, and the resolution analysis result corresponds to the image obtained by the Back Projection (BP) method. The designed bandwidth and synthetic aperture time are also provided. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the GEO SAR system design.     

地球同步轨道SAR曲线轨迹二维空间分辨率分析

针对地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达(GEO SAR)中,卫星轨道是曲线轨迹,且由于地球自转等因素的影响,卫星相对于点目标的运动轨迹没有显式表达式,且航迹速度在不同的卫星轨道位置差异很大的问题,提出了一种基于相位梯度分析的高轨SAR二维空间分辨率计算方法.文中提出了一种猜想,并采用介值定理证明:在合成孔径时间内,存在1个等效航迹速度,使得理论方位向分辨率位于1个范围之内,并计算得到了该方位向分辨率范围.最后,后向投影算法仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

一种新的校正电离层相位污染的相位梯度平均法

为减轻电离层相位污染对天波超视距雷达（OTHR）目标检测性能的影响,降低已有污染校正方法带来多普勒谱移动以及实现复杂度,提出一种新的相位梯度平均法.该方法利用电离层扰动的慢变特点,通过在一个相干积累时间单元（CIT）中对相位梯度求平均来估计电离层相位失真.通过计算机仿真对新方法进行了分析,并与PGA方法和已有的改进PGA方法进行了比较.理论与仿真分析结果表明：提出的相位梯度平均法可较好的校正电离层污染,且处理后多普勒频移较小,实现简单,有利于改善天波超视距雷达对舰船目标的检测性能.     

桂林地区L-波段电离层闪烁初步统计分析

利用2007年1月至2008年6月桂林地区GPS电离层闪烁监测仪的数据,分析L-波段电离层闪烁的特征,包括夜间幅度闪烁的逐日变化和闪烁活动随地方时的变化.初步统计分析结果表明:2007年1月至2008年6月期间,桂林地区的夜间闪烁活动比较平静,S4>O.2的闪烁很少发生;2008年上半年的白天幅度闪烁活动比较频繁,其持续时间可达效小时.     

高低轨异构双基地SAR改进CS成像算法

针对地球同步轨道卫星发射-低轨道卫星被动接收的异构双基合成孔径雷达系统中,由于收发时延长和接收机速度快导致的“走-停”假设不成立,复杂成像几何下回波信号在距离向和方位向具有严重空变性的问题,提出一种基于二维时域扰动的改进线性调频变标成像算法．首先基于双基观测几何推导出非“走-停”假设下的信号模型;然后通过时域扰动的方法校正回波二维空变性;最后对残余相位进行补偿．仿真实验表明,该算法可实现高低轨双基合成孔径雷达高分辨率宽幅场景的良好聚焦,且具有很好的保相性能．     

Tomographic imagine of ionospheric structures and disturbances in the region of East-Asian equatorial anomaly

Experiments of ionospheric tomography at low latitudes along 120°E meridian and some findings from analyses of such experimental data are presented. An improved reconstruction algorithm of computerized ionospheric tomography is proposed. In this algorithm, both differential Doppler phase and differential Doppler frequency data are jointly used and the integral phase constants are determined in the reconstruction process. Our findings indicate that the reconstructed ionospheric equatorial anomaly crests usually show a tilt in rough alignment with the local geomagnetic field, coinciding with the feature predicted by the fountain mechanism. The crest locations are found to move daily in response to changes in equatorial electrodynamics. When the crest moves from one day to the next day, the tilting angle changes so as to be still aligned with the local magnetic field. It is statistically found that an equator-ward motion of the crests is accompanied with a latitudinal broadening of the crest region. The r     

The variation of the estimated GPS instrumental bias and its possible connection with ionospheric variability

Based on the analysis of the satellite DCB data estimated by our method and the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe(CODE)from 1999 to 2011,the features of the temporal variation of differential code biases(DCB)are studied.Summarily,there are three types of variations in DCB on different time scales.The first one is the day-to-day variation that exhibits more obviously in solar maximum years.The second one is the variation with about one year periodic variation that behaves more obviously from 1999 to 2004.The last one is the monotonously descending tendency from 1999 to 2010.Considering the basic ionospheric approximation in DCB estimation method,the features of the variability of the ionospheric morphology from 1999to 2010 are also displayed based on the ionospheric characteristic parameters.It can be concluded that the day-to-day and annual variation of the estimated global positioning system(GPS).DCB is related to the ionospheric variability.The variation of DCBs on solar cycle time scale includes the real hardware DCBs and pseudo-DCBs induced by ionospheric variation.No doubt,these kinds of"pseudo"variations of DCB will affect the precision of ionospheric total electron content(TEC)derived from the GPS data.In addition,this study is helpful for evaluating the influence of ionospheric weather on TEC derivation and is also useful for developing one estimation method of DCB with more stability and precision through introducing a more practical ionospheric model.     

一种自适应补偿天波雷达系统中电离层运动的方法

在天波雷达中电离层的运动会带来回波信号在频率的调制,从而造成雷达海杂波的展宽;在对回波做相关积累前,对调制的补偿是非常重要的。该文给出了一种新的基于修正的自适应短时傅立叶变换的补偿方法,通过对没有电离层扰动的高频表面波雷达数据人为地添加行进电离层扰动(TID)得到实验数据。测试结果表明,该方法能有效地补偿快速的TID污染,并且对不同电离层频率调制具有良好的自适应性。     

电离层闪烁条件下GNSS信号质量对比

为了监测桂林(25.29°N,110.33°E;地磁坐标:15.04°N,181.98°E)L波段电离层闪烁,利用桂林的电离层闪烁与TEC监测仪2011年9月至2013年7月的观测数据,在相同的电离层闪烁环境下对GPS和GLONASS卫星的信号质量进行了对比。结果表明:GPS和GLONASS卫星的L2信号的幅度闪烁强度均比L1信号大;GPS卫星L2信号的幅度闪烁强度比GLONASS卫星L2信号大;GPS和GLONASS卫星的L1信号的幅度闪烁特征相同。在电离层闪烁条件下,GPS和GLONASS卫星的L1信号质量相当,可联合使用GPS和GLONASS的观测研究桂林的L波段电离层闪烁特征。     

Global ionospheric TEC response to a strong magnetic storm

The global characteristics of the ionospheric storm and irregularities as well as propagation of TEC (total electron content) disturbances during the strong magnetic storm occurring in November 2004 were investigated by using the data of the IGS network. For the response of the global ionospheric TEC to this strong magnetic storm, the following features are noticeable: 1) the maximum of the ionospheric storm phase occurred around the main phase maximum of the magnetic storm; 2) the TEC response in equatorial and low latitudes was more remarkable than that in mid-high latitudes; 3) as a whole, the storm phase in the northern hemisphere was mainly positive, and it was negative in the southern hemisphere; 4) during the whole magnetic storm from November 7 to 11, the locations where the maxima of the positive and negative ionospheric storm phases occurred were nearly invariant to the Sun at low and equatorial latitudes, i.e. the 24-h recurrence. Analyzing results of TEC rate and its standard deviation showed that the ionospheric irregularities and disturbances in the global mainly occurred around the main phase maximum of the storm, and they distributed in a large longitudinal region for both day and night in mid-high latitudes and they generated and developed only after the sunset, and lasted out to the midnight in equatorial and low latitudes. The disturbance propagation parameters were also estimated by using the wavelet reconstruction and cross-correlation technologies for a set of spaced stations in the Northern America. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40474055, 40504019)     

Generalized ionospheric dispersion simulation method for wideband satellite-ground-link radio systems

A generalized ionospheric dispersion simulation method is presented to verify and test wideband satellite-ground-link radio systems for dispersion robustness. In the method, ionospheric dispersive effects on wideband radio waves are modeled as an allpass nonlinear phase system, thus greatly decreasing the need for signal priori information. To accurately simulate the ionospheric dispersion and reduce the implementation complexity, the system is decomposed into three new allpass subsystems: with a linear phase passing through zero frequency, a constant phase, and a nonlinear phase with zero-offset and quasi-parabolic form respectively. The three subsystems are implemented respectively by the combination of integer-interval delay and fractional delay filter, digital shifting phase and the complex-coefficient finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The ionospheric dispersion simulation can be achieved by cascading the three subsystems in a complex baseband and converting the frequency to a radio frequency. Simulation results show that the method has the ability to accurately simulate the ionospheric dispersion characteristics without knowing the signal priori information and has a low implementation complexity.     

地球同步轨道SAR凝视成像变脉冲重复频率技术

实现对特定区域凝视观测成像是地球同步轨道SAR（GEO SAR）非常重要的应用。针对地球同步轨道SAR凝视观测回波大距离徙动造成信号接收窗口难以选择的问题,提出了一种地球同步轨道SAR凝视成像变脉冲重复频率（PRF）设计方法。给出了变PRF设计的准则,详细推导了周期性变PRF过程中脉冲丢失的位置,分析对成像质量的影响,采用后向投影算法对方位非均匀采样信号进行成像聚焦。最后仿真验证变PRF设计的有效性。     

随机噪声SAR的相干斑分析

针对不同信号对相干斑的影响,探讨了随机噪声(RN)SAR的相干斑.由于随机噪声信号的非周期性,从物理角度解释了随机噪声SAR的相干斑弱于通常的线性调频信号SAR的相干斑,然后利用拖尾Rayleigh分布,采用标准差和等效视数(ENL)指标对两幅SAR幅度图像的相干斑进行了评价.通过对同一场景的随机噪声SAR幅度图像和线性调频SAR幅度图像相干斑进行仿真分析,结果表明随机噪声SAR的相干斑弱于线性调频SAR的相干斑.     

Measurement of ionospheric large-scale irregularity

Based on the observations of a meter-wave aperture synthesis radio telescope,as the scale length of ionospheric irregularity is greatly larger than the baseline length of interferometer,the phase error induced by the output signal of interferometer due to ionosphere is proportional to the baseline length and accordingly the expressions for extracting the information about ionosphere are derived.By using the ray theory and considering that the antenna is always tracking to the radio source in astronomical observation,the wave motion expression of traveling ionospheric disturbance observed in the total electron content is also derived,which is consistent with that obtained from the conception of thin-phase screen;then the Doppler velocity due to antenna tracking is introduced.Finally the inversion analysis for the horizontal phase velocity of TID from observed data is given.     

Thermospheric circulation model in meridian plane (I)——Storm time variations in thermal status and circulation

A thermospheric circulation model in meridian plane (TCMMP) is introduced and a case study on the variations in night side thermosphere caused by energy deposition in auroral oval during a single magnetic substorm is expounded. Calculations show that TCMMP can correctly reflect the thermospheric thermal status and circulation patterns during storm time and the results are in agreement with previous theoretical and observational ones. This paper and other works also show the validity of TCMMP in researches on medium and large scale changes in mid- and low latitude thermosphere. Results also support strongly some related theory about the cause of ionospheric storms, expecially the negative phase storms.     

中轨SAR海面运动舰船回波建模研究

中轨SAR具有宽测绘带及重访时间短的优势,是低轨SAR与高轨SAR的重要补充。然而,相对于低轨SAR,中轨SAR具有合成孔径时间长,轨道特性复杂等特点,常规斜距模型不适用于中轨SAR。考虑了回波非"停-走-停"的情况,结合轨道及运动舰船特点,对中轨SAR舰船目标斜距模型进行定量化分析。得到舰船在静止、匀速运动、加速运动时四阶斜距模型能够满足成像要求,当受海浪影响时四阶斜距模型将失效的结论。最后实现中轨SAR海面舰船回波精确建模。     

用于远距离差分GPS的电离层误差分析与补偿

采用差分工作方式的全球定位系统(DGPS)有助于满足许多航空、航天的导航、进场、着陆应用中的精度要求.随着参考站到用户间距离的增大,差分GPS的定位精度很快下降。本文研究了其中一种最重要的系统误差——电离层时间滞后.首先用Bent方法和Klobuchar方法建立了电离层滞后模型,根据该模型用卫星发布的数据计算的结果与接收机的测量结果进行了比较.为远距离的差分GPS建立了一个有效的修正模型.理论分析结果表明,当参考站距用户1000km时,由电离层滞后引起的差分后定位误差可达12m,与卫星数据模拟的结果吻合.     

陕西省北斗三号区域电离层TEC建模与精度评估

基于陕西省北斗地基增强监测站数据,利用4阶球谐函数建立了陕西区域电离层总电子含量(TEC)模型,生成区域TEC格网产品.实验结果表明：以欧洲定轨中心(CODE)全球电离层图(GIM)产品作为参考,利用BDS-3数据获得的陕西区域北斗电离层产品精度为2.54 TECu,与CODE产品标称精度相当.在单频精密单点定位(SF-PPP)性能方面,BDS-3区域电离层产品可以提升定位精度35%,优于CODE全球电离层产品改正效果(27%).综合而言,BDS-3单系统在区域电离层建模方面具备较为优异的性能水平.     

利用Klobuchar模型和载波平滑伪距观测值模型分析电离层变化

在GPS测量中,电离层延迟是一个比较重要的误差来源.对于单频接收机,由广播星历中提供Klobuchar模型参数进行电离层延迟改正;对于双频接收机,采用载波平滑伪距观测值计算电离层延迟改正.利用深圳市连续运行卫星定位参考站系统的双频观测数据,分别用Klobuchar模型和载波平滑伪距观测值两种方法计算深圳市5个CORS站上的电离层延迟值,对两种模型计算的电离层延迟值进行比较,分析深圳市电离层延迟的周日变化规律.