通入同种及异种气（汽）体强化水平管束沸腾传热的实验研究

本文提出了从管束下部通入同种及异种气(汽)体强化水平管束沸腾传热的新方法,并进行了实验研究。沸腾工质为F-113,同种汽体为F-113蒸汽,异种气(汽)体分别为空气和水蒸汽。结果表明:管束的传热系数明显提高。特别是通入异种不凝性气体(空气)时,沸腾传热得到很大的强化。     

上置加热管筛板蒸发器流体力学及蒸发性能

对筛板上方液层内置有水平加热管束的载气蒸发器的流体力学和蒸发性能进行了实验研究,并对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明,在气速一定时,筛板单板阻力随着液体流量的增大而提高;在液体流量一定,气速较大时筛板单板阻力不随气速而变化;随着液体温度的提高,筛板单板阻力明显减小;在相同条件下,上置管束的筛板单板阻力比普通筛板单板阻力明显增大。对于常温下的空气水体系,在相同条件下,加热管束通入加热蒸汽可使出口空气的湿含量提高8. 7%—12. 6%。随着加热管束通入蒸汽流量的增加,出口空气的湿含量进一步提高。     

含气液两相的搅拌釜内盘管外侧的对流传热特性研究

许多强放热反应,若温度控制不当,易引发物质分解产生气体,进而恶化相关反应过程,甚至引发事故,因此对浸没在含气液两相搅拌釜内的盘管外侧对流传热系数进行研究尤为重要。以空气和水分别作为气相和液相,在直径D=0.300m的标准椭圆形底搅拌釜内进行非稳态传热实验,研究了桨型、桨径、转速和表观气速对盘管外侧对流传热的影响。结果表明,在低转速下,通入气体能够显著增加釜内的湍动程度,使管外对流传热系数明显增大,在高转速下,对于大搅拌桨,其气体的表观气速过小时,通入气体会使对流传热系数减小。通气量一定时,在较高通气速率和高搅拌转速下,随着转速增大,对流传热系数反而减小。引入通气数对实验数据进行拟合关联。研究结果对反应釜的优化设计及反应过程的控制具有参考价值。     

载气蒸发传热特性的研究

以空气-水、苯蒸汽-水为物系，对垂直管内的载气蒸发传热特性进行了研究，发现对空气-水物系，蒸发传热系数比不通载气的对流涕腾传热系数提高11～55％，对苯蒸汽-水体系可提高27～70％．本文对载气蒸发的传热机理作了分析，指出通入载气可使壁面过热度降低，因此强化了传热．     

通气振动流化床与浸没水平管间局部传热系数

提出了测试振动流化床与浸没水平管局部传热系数的新方法 ,就通气振动流化床与浸没水平管间的局部传热特性进行了实验研究 .结果表明 ,局部传热系数随水平管圆周位置而变 ,这种变化受流化气速、振动频率和振幅的影响 ,通气条件下达到最佳传热效果的振动强度比不通气时低 ,振动条件下达到最佳传热效果的流化气速比不振动时小 ,通气条件下振幅和频率对局部传热系数具有大致相同的影响趋势 .实验还表明 ,局部传热系数随颗粒粒径的增加而减小 .     

改性SiO_2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层的形成原理及其沸腾换热

实验研究了改性SiO_2纳米流体液滴蒸发后的沉积图案,以及改性SiO_2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对沸腾换热的影响。液滴蒸发实验研究表明:改性官能团会影响改性SiO_2纳米颗粒是否吸附在液-气界面,从而推断出在沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。沸腾实验研究结果表明:用聚乙二醇基团改性的SiO_2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层使加热面的平均粗糙度从160 nm大幅增长到977 nm,且能增强纯水的沸腾传热系数;而用磺酸基团改性的SiO_2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对加热面的平均粗糙度的改变不明显,只使其增大了60 nm,且恶化了纯水的沸腾传热系数。通过沸腾换热实验结果较好地验证了通过液滴蒸发实验推断出的沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。     

空气-石蜡直接接触换热特性实验研究

在间壁式换热器中石蜡因为其热导率低影响了蓄热系统的换热速率,采用石蜡与空气直接接触换热可大幅提高蓄热系统的换热速率。把常温的空气通过气体分布器注入熔融状态的石蜡（100~150℃）中,具体考察了表观气速、静液位高度和传热温差等参数对石蜡-空气鼓泡换热中体积传热系数与气含率的影响。实验结果表明,随着表观气速的增大,体积传热系数与气含率随之增大,并且对于气含率,在较低的表观气速下的增长速率更快;在实验条件下,增加静液位高度都只会导致体积传热系数与气含率的降低,而改变气液温差对体积传热系数的影响不甚明显。根据实验结果获得了石蜡与空气直接接触换热的体积Nusselt数经验关联式。     

内置加热管的振动流化床中污泥干燥传热特性

采用内置加热管的振动流化床对污泥进行了干燥实验,考察了流化气速、进气温度、振动频率和内加热功率对污泥干燥传热特性的影响,分析了体积传热系数的变化规律。结果表明,适度提高流化气速、进气温度、振动频率和内加热功率,有利于提高体积传热系数,降低污泥湿含量。根据实验数据拟合出了体积传热系数的经验公式,可将误差控制在30%以内。结论为污泥干燥的设计和操作提供实验依据。     

改性SiO2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层的形成原理及其沸腾换热

实验研究了改性SiO₂纳米流体液滴蒸发后的沉积图案,以及改性SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对沸腾换热的影响。液滴蒸发实验研究表明：改性官能团会影响改性SiO₂纳米颗粒是否吸附在液-气界面,从而推断出在沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。沸腾实验研究结果表明：用聚乙二醇基团改性的SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层使加热面的平均粗糙度从160 nm大幅增长到977 nm,且能增强纯水的沸腾传热系数;而用磺酸基团改性的SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对加热面的平均粗糙度的改变不明显,只使其增大了60 nm,且恶化了纯水的沸腾传热系数。通过沸腾换热实验结果较好地验证了通过液滴蒸发实验推断出的沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。     

空气-石蜡直接接触换热特性实验研究

在间壁式换热器中石蜡因为其热导率低影响了蓄热系统的换热速率,采用石蜡与空气直接接触换热可大幅提高蓄热系统的换热速率。把常温的空气通过气体分布器注入熔融状态的石蜡(100~150℃)中,具体考察了表观气速、静液位高度和传热温差等参数对石蜡-空气鼓泡换热中体积传热系数与气含率的影响。实验结果表明,随着表观气速的增大,体积传热系数与气含率随之增大,并且对于气含率,在较低的表观气速下的增长速率更快;在实验条件下,增加静液位高度都只会导致体积传热系数与气含率的降低,而改变气液温差对体积传热系数的影响不甚明显。根据实验结果获得了石蜡与空气直接接触换热的体积Nusselt数经验关联式。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。