The Influence of Structural Parameters on the Reactivity of Model Complexes for Compound II: A Mini Review

The present brief review aims at elucidation of the parameters affecting the properties and reactivity of high valent iron(IV) oxo porphyrin complexes, being models of compound II reactive intermediate known from biochemistry of cytochromes and peroxidases. The stress is put on the influence of the axial ligand and porphyrin ring substituents, with special attention on implications for their catalytic activity.     

Substituent effects of iron porphyrins: Structural, kinetic, and theoretical studies

Substituent effects of iron porphyrin complexes on the structures and kinetic processes have been examined for the first time. Basing on the premise that iron porphyrin is functional analogous to heme, a series of iron porphyrin derivatives bearing different substituents at the meso positions of the corrole ring are investigated as to their electrochemistry, the relationships among the electron transfer (ET) processes, their structures, and orbital energies. The good coherence between the experiment and theory indicates that the ET rate can be accelerated when electron-donating substituents are introduced to the iron porphyrin ring. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed in the influence of stability of iron porphyrin complexes on the ability to carry molecular oxygen, which may suggest it possible to dominate the biological activity of heme by selecting the appropriate substituents to iron porphyrin ring.     

Selective catalysis of μ-oxo-bismetalloporphyrins for 2-methylbutane oxidation with PhIO under mild conditions

Fourteen μ-oxo-bisironporphyrins and nine μ-oxo-bismanganeseporphyrins were synthesized, and their selective catalysis for the oxidation of the secondary and tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds of 2-methylbutane with PhIO were also studied. The ratio of the relative reaction selectivity of tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds to secondary carbon–hydrogen bonds was 3:1 when ironporphyrins were used as catalysts, and 4:1 when manganeseporphyrins were used as catalysts. The research showed that the substituents on the porphyrin rings influenced the catalytic selectivity of metalloporphyrins for the oxidation of the secondary and tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds as well as the reaction rate. Whether ironporphyrins or manganeseporphyrins, the electron-attracting groups on porphyrin rings increased the catalytic selectivity of metalloporphyrins for the tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds and the reaction rates, however, the electron-releasing groups increased the catalytic selectivity of metalloporphyrins for secondary carbon–hydrogen bonds, but reduced the reaction rates.     

Synthesis of a new iron(III) porphyrin acrylate-styrene copolymer and its catalysis for hydroxylation of cyclohexane

A new iron(III) porphyrin acrylate-styrene copolymer, P[(PorFe)A-S], was synthesized by the reaction of iron(III) porphyrin acrylate with styrene and characterized by UV-Vis, Infrared spectra (IR), inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry (ICP) and molecular weight determination. Its catalytic activity in the hydroxylation of cyclohexane for model cytochrome P450 in the P[(PorFe) A-S]-O₂-ascrobate-thiosalicylic acid system has been studied. It was found that the P[(PorFe)A-S] has a higher catalytic activity than non-supported iron(III) porphyrin and its high catalytic activity remained in reuse. The catalytic activity of P[(PorFe)A-S] was discussed in the view of the microenvironment of iron(III) porphyrin. It is proposed that the catalytic activity of the P[(PorFe)A-S] may be further enhanced by construction of a homophase catalytic system containing the iron(III) porphyrin acrylate-styrene copolymer. Translated from Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 2006, 45(1): 61–63 [译自: 中山大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Synthesis of a new iron (III) porphyrin acrylate-styrene copolymer and its catalysis for hydroxylation of cyclohexane

A new iron (III) porphyrin acrylate-styrene copolymer, P[(PorFe)A-S], was synthesized by the reaction of iron (III) porphyrin acrylate with styrene and characterized by UV-Vis, Infrared spectra (IR), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP) and molecular weight determination. Its catalytic activity in the hydroxylation of cyclohexane for model cytochrome P450 in the P[(PorFe)A-S]-O₂ ascrobate-thiosalicylic acid system has been studied. It was found that the P[(PorFe)A-S] has a higher catalytic activity than non-supported iron (III) porphyrin and its high catalytic activity remained in reuse. The catalytic activity of P[(PorFe)A-S] was discussed in the view of the microenvironment of iron (III) porphyrin. It is proposed that the atalytic activity of the P[(PorFe)A-S] may be further enhanced by construction of a homophase catalytic system containing the iron (III) porphyrin acrylate-styrene copolymer.     

取代基及中心金属离子对卟啉电子结构及催化活性的影响

通过调变取代基及中心金属离子种类调控金属卟啉的微观分子结构和宏观性质与功能是设计高活性、高选择性的金属卟啉催化剂的关键及富有挑战性的课题。取代基和中心金属离子对金属卟啉电子结构性质的影响研究可为金属卟啉催化剂的精确设计提供重要的理论依据。采用基于密度泛函理论计算化学方法系统地研究了不同取代基(-OCH₃、-CH₃、-H、-NO₂)及中心金属离子(Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn)对卟啉电子结构性质的影响,试图从本质上理解金属卟啉微观结构和宏观催化性能的关系。结果表明,吸电子基-NO₂总是降低金属卟啉的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低未占据轨道(LUMO)能级,而供电子基-CH₃和-OCH₃总是升高金属卟啉的HOMO和LUMO能级。变价金属(Mn、Fe、Co)卟啉的前线分子轨道主要由金属离子的3 d轨道组成,有利于活化分子氧。不变价金属(Cu、Zn)卟啉的前线分子轨道的成分为卟啉配体形成的大π键,电子流动性好,故不变价金属也有较高的催化活性。Fukui函数分析表明变价金属卟啉的活性中心位于中心金属离子,而不变价金属卟啉的活性中心可能在卟啉配体上。     

取代铁卟啉催化氧化邻硝基甲苯绿色合成邻硝基苯甲酸

研究了一种在乙醇水溶液中,以取代铁卟啉为仿生催化剂,催化氧气氧化邻硝基甲苯绿色合成邻硝基苯甲酸的新方法。考察了不同取代铁卟啉催化剂对反应活性和主产物选择性的影响,发现所有铁卟啉均有活性,且卟啉环外取代基从强给电子基（—OH）到吸电子基（—NO₂）变化时,其催化活性（原料转化率）变化不大,但对主产物的选择性影响却很明显,其中T(p-Cl)PPFeCl的催化活性和选择性均为最好,含最强给电子基（—OH）或最强吸电子基（—NO₂）的金属卟啉对主产物的选择性均最低。考察了溶剂中乙醇的体积分数对反应的影响,发现在乙醇浓度为80 % 时,产物的选择性最高。系统地考察了碱浓度、氧气压力、温度、时间、原料初始浓度等因素对反应的影响,找到了优化的工艺条件。发现以T(p-Cl)PPFeCl为催化剂,当乙醇浓度为80%、碱浓度为3. 75 mol·L^-1时,在2. 0 MPa、55℃条件下反应12 h,邻硝基甲苯的转化率达到79. 7%,邻硝基苯甲酸的选择性和收率分别可达95. 8% 和76. 3%。     

Cobalt Porphyrins Immobilized on Polymer Microspheres as Catalysts for the Oxidation of 2-naphthol to 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone by Molecular Oxygen

Abstract  

Three types of porous polymer microspheres immobilized with cobalt porphyrins appending p–H, p-Cl and p-NO₂ phenyl substituents (designated as CoPP-GMA/MMA, CoCPP-GMA/MMA and CoNPP-GMA/MMA, respectively) were prepared. Their catalytic activities on the oxidation of 2-naphthol to 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone by molecular oxygen were investigated in alkaline methanol. The experimental results showed that the porous microsphere supported cobalt porphyrin catalysts could effectively activate molecular oxygen, and 2-naphthol was selectively oxidized to 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with high conversion in alkaline methanol. A phenomenon of distance-dependent catalytic activity was observed and a critical distance of 3.8 nm between porphyrins was determined for the porous polymer microsphere supported catalyst. More interestingly, the activity of the recycled catalyst increased gradually with the increased times of reuse. These results may be helpful in designing highly efficient metalloporphyrin catalysts.     

不同金属卟啉光催化降解亚甲基蓝性能研究

以四苯基卟啉(TPP)为原料,通过金属插入反应,获得FeTPP、ZnTPP、CoTPP、MnTPP,并用UV-Vis对其进行了表征.将合成的金属卟啉用于光催化体系,进行亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解及催化剂回收实验.结果发现,以CoTPP为催化剂,在高压汞灯光照3 h后,亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率可迭100%;不同光源的催化效果为...     

Oxidation of cycloalkanes with molecular oxygen in the presence of salen metallocomplexes in thermomorphic conditions

The oxidation of cycloalkanes with molecular oxygen, catalyzed by two groups of metallosalen complexes, was studied. The first group consisted of salen complexes with different metals such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, while the second group was composed of manganese salen complexes with different substituents (t-butyl electron-donating substituents and/or electron-withdrawing perfluoroalkyl substituents). Mn, Fe and Co salen complexes are the most active catalysts, while Ni, Cu and Zn salen complexes are far less efficient. The introduction of t-butyl electron-donating substituents into Mnsalen complex increases the catalytic activity and catalysts solubility in the reaction mixture. The introduction of perfluoroalkyl electron-withdrawing substituents enhances the catalytic activity and renders the solubility of the catalyst temperature dependent (thermomorphic behaviour), thus allowing one to recover them easily after the reaction by simply cooling the system to room temperature. The synthesis of two new manganese salen complexes with perfluoroalkyl substituents was elaborated.     

Synthesis of Functionalized trans‐A2B2‐Porphyrins Using Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropane‐Derived Dipyrromethanes

meso‐Substituted trans‐A₂B₂‐porphyrins bearing specific patterns of substituents are crucial building blocks in porphyrin‐based biomimetic systems and molecular materials and can be used for the construction of well‐defined porphyrin‐based architectures. A new stepwise and rational synthesis of functionalized trans‐A₂B₂‐porphyrins is reported in which for the first time donor–acceptor‐substituted cyclopropane precursors (d–a cyclopropanes) are exploited. The three presented d–a cyclopropanes are readily accessible in a multi‐gram scale and serve as aldehyde equivalents in the reaction with an excess of pyrrole to afford the corresponding dipyrromethanes (DPMs). The three DPMs were synthesized in yields of 60–74%. They are stable in purified form in the absence of light and air and were subsequently condensed with a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes bearing electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing substituents followed by oxidation to form the corresponding trans‐A₂B₂‐porphyrins. Fourteen functionalized porphyrins were synthesized in yields of 14–31%, indicating the broad scope of the synthetic procedure. The possibility to introduce key functional groups is emphasized, which enables subsequent modification of these porphyrins with moieties inducing biological activity. Modification of the tetrapyrroles may occur by addition to one of the porphyrin peripheral double bonds, the use of substituents of the aryl groups or via the methoxycarbonyl group at two of the meso‐substituents. Three examples of porphyrins were converted into the corresponding 7,8‐dihydroxychlorins by osmium‐mediated dihydroxylation and one of the resulting chlorins was subjected to saponification to give a highly polar chlorin dicarboxylic acid. A 4‐bromophenyl‐substituted d–a cyclopropane was prepared by rhodium‐catalyzed cyclopropanation and then transformed into a DPM which was subsequently condensed to a porphyrin. Its Zn complex allowed a Heck reaction to afford the functionalized bis(alkenyl)‐substituted trans‐A₂B₂‐Zn‐porphyrin.     

金属卟啉仿生催化氧化邻硝基甲苯绿色合成邻硝基苯甲醛

针对目前邻硝基苯甲醛（ONBD）生产方法中存在环境污染和设备腐蚀严重等问题,研究了一种金属卟啉仿生催化氧气液相氧化邻硝基甲苯（ONT）绿色合成邻硝基苯甲醛的新方法。考察了不同金属卟啉催化剂对上述反应的影响,发现催化剂的中心金属离子种类及环外取代基的种类和位置对催化剂的性能均有不同程度的影响。系统地考察了反应时间、碱浓度、反应温度等因素对反应的影响,并对反应条件进行了优化。结果表明,以2×10^-6 mol·L^-1 的 T(o-Cl)PPZn为催化剂,在5 mol·L^-1NaOH-甲醇溶液中于40℃、1.5 MPa的条件下反应4 h,邻硝基甲苯的单程转化率可达47.8%,邻硝基苯甲醛的选择性和收率分别达到54.2%和25.9%。     

手性麻黄素-卟啉锰催化剂的合成及催化性能的研究

以一类新型的手性麻黄素 -卟啉作配体 ,制备了金属锰配合物。考察了配合物对烯烃环氧化反应的催化性能 ,发现含麻黄素基团的锰卟啉催化剂在烯烃环氧化的两相溶剂 ( CH2 Cl2 /H2 O)体系中 ,不仅催化活性增强 ,同时具有相转移能力。还探讨了反应条件对环氧化结果的影响规律     

The catalytic activity of immobilized on modified silica metalloporphyrins bearing antioxidative 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol pendants

A comparative study of the catalytic activity of supported manganese(III) and iron(III) chlorides of meso-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (R₄PMnCl, R₄PFeCl) and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPMnCl, TPPFeCl) is reported. The metalloporphyrins have been immobilized via coordination bond on the surface of two series of imidazole modified silica, imidazole propyl silica (IPS) and imidazole 3-(glycidyloxypropyl) silica (IGOPS). The heterogenised catalysts have been evaluated for hydrocarbon oxidation by sodium periodate. The critical role of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol groups on the periphery of porphyrin ring in their catalytic activity has been evaluated and pertinent structural and mechanistic aspects are discussed.     

Electro-reduction of hydrogen peroxide on iron tetramethoxy phenyl porphyrin and lead sulfate electrodes with application in direct borohydride fuel cells

Electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium is reported onto carbon-supported iron tetramethoxy phenyl porphyrin (FeTMPP/C) as well as carbon-supported lead sulphate (PbSO₄/C) electrodes. Both the catalytic electrodes can sustain electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide in direct borohydride fuel cells using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant but PbSO₄/C electrode shows catalytic activity.     

Conversion of olefins into trans-diols or trans-diol mono-ethers by using iron porphyrin(III) complex and H2O2

Iron porphyrin complex showed an excellent catalytic activity on conversion of various olefins into 1,2-diols or 1,2-diol mono-ethers by H₂O₂ under mild and neutral conditions to produce relatively regioselective products.     

Salicylidene‐imine–zirconium(IV) complexes in combination with methylalumoxane as catalysts for the conversion of hexa‐1,5‐diene: adjusting of the catalytic activity

A variety of substituted schiff base complexes of the composition (“salen”)ZrCl₂(thf) ( 1 – 21 ) were synthesized, with methylalumoxane (“MAO”) activated and used for a systematic study of their catalytic activity towards hexa‐1,5‐diene (“salen”: substituted salicylidene–ethylene‐iminato ligands). Main product of the catalytic cycle is methylenecyclopentane. Dimers are only formed in minor amounts. The catalytic activity and selectivity of the Ziegler–Natta systems strongly depend on the nature and the position of the peripheric substituents in the Schiff base ligands. Electron‐withdrawing substituents in para‐position to the phenolato oxygen (5‐position) decrease the catalytic activity. Improved activity and selectivity were obtained with electron‐donating substituents in 5‐position. Altering the ethylene bridge causes a lowering of the activity or inactivation. According to the x‐ray analysis the metal center in the related complex (L)ZrCl₂ ( 22 ) (L: N′,N′‐bis(ethylene)‐N′‐methyl‐N,N′′‐bis(benzoylacetonato‐imine) has a pentagonal‐bipyramidal environment. The pentadentate schiff base ligand lies in the plane, and both chloro groups occupy the axial positions. In contrast to the catalytically active salene complexes 22 can not rearrange to form a species in which the both chlorides are cis to each other. Consequently 22 is catalytically inactive.     

Synthesis of a porphyrinic polymer for highly efficient oxidation of arylalkanes in water

A highly stable covalent-porphyrinic framework Mn-CPF-1 was synthesized by reaction of cyanuric chloride and tetraphenylamine porphyrin (TAPP) and subsequent metallation. Mn-CPF-1 exhibits remarkable catalytic activity and stability on catalytic oxidation of arylalkanes in water under mild conditions, which is much superior to the homogeneous analog Mn-tetraphenylporphyrin (Mn-TPP) under identical conditions.     

聚卟啉的制备及其在光氧化催化反应中的应用

通过Sonogashira Hagihara偶联聚合制备了一系列具有多孔结构的网状交联聚卟啉光催化剂,设计了双溴双炔卟啉和四溴卟啉两种结构的卟啉单体,通过双溴双炔卟啉自聚得到多孔有机聚卟啉(PPOP-1),通过四溴卟啉与含双炔基的单体(1,7-辛二炔、对苯二炔、联苯二炔)共聚得到聚卟啉PPOP-2、PPOP-3和PPOP-4.通过SEM和物理吸附仪观测聚合物的表面形貌和表征孔结构.结果显示,4种聚合物均具有均匀的颗粒形态和微孔结构,孔径约1 nm,比表面积分别为38.484、12.494、10.880和19.858 m2/g.以聚卟啉为异相光催化剂,通过可见光诱导二苄胺、缩硫酮、二苄基硫醚的有氧氧化证实了其对C—N和C—S键的氧化均具有优于单体催化剂的催化活性.PPOP-1(0.01 mmol)在可见光下催化二苄胺(0.1 mmol)的氧化反应,8 h后体系原料转化率和选择性均可达99％.经过4次循环催化后,PPOP-1仍保持较高的催化活性,原料转化率仍能达到99％.     

聚合物键联钴卟啉的合成及其催化作用

合成了 5 -对羟苯基 - 1 0 ,1 5 ,2 0 -三 (对甲氧苯基 )卟啉 (1 )及其钴配合物 (2 )。将(1 )与氯甲基化聚苯乙烯树脂键合得聚合物键联卟啉 (3) ,(3)与钴离子络合得聚合物键联钴卟啉 (4) ,考察了 (4)对丙硫醇的催化氧化作用。对卟啉化合物进行了 IR、UV测定和元素分析。对丙硫醇氧化产物作了 HPL C、UV、IR和 MS分析。