Association of coffee drinking with cigarette smoking in the natural environment.

Coffee drinking may serve as a cue for cigarette smoking. The association of coffee drinking and cigarette smoking in the natural environment was studied in 6 participants who recorded every instance of ad lib cigarette smoking and coffee drinking for 4 consecutive days. The rate of cigarette smoking was higher during intervals associated with coffee drinking (2.4 cigarettes/hr) than at other times of the day (1.0 cigarettes/hr). However, diary records revealed that on average only 14% of cigarettes were smoked while drinking coffee, and only 55% of coffee-drinking events were accompanied by cigarettes. These results suggest that coffee drinking may exert some stimulus control over smoking in the natural environment. However, given the limited number of coffee-drinking episodes compared with cigarettes consumed in a day, the contributions of coffee drinking to maintaining smoking behavior are probably minimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of self-monitoring on normal smoking behavior.

16 Os unobtrusively monitored 16 undergraduates' smoking frequency and duration throughout base-rate, experimental, and return-to-base periods. In the experimental period, Ss self-monitored either their frequency of smoking or not smoking. Smoking frequency and duration were significantly affected by such self monitoring, indicating that self-monitoring is a reactive data-gathering procedure. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A systematic survey of caffeine intake in Vermont.

Detailed data were collected on lifetime caffeine intake from 202 Vermont residents using a random-digit dial telephone survey. The sample appeared representative and test–retest reliability of caffeine intake was high (r?=?.95). Almost all participants (96%) had ever used and most (83%) presently used one or more caffeinated beverages weekly. The average caffeine intake was 186 mg/day. Many caffeine users (61%) used caffeinated beverages other than coffee. Current caffeine intake was a poor measure of lifetime intake. For example, among ever-users of caffeine, 41% had stopped at least 1 type of caffeinated beverage and 14% had stopped caffeine altogether. Cessation was mostly due to health concerns and unpleasant side effects. It was concluded that simply asking about "usual" coffee use is a poor and biased estimate of lifetime caffeine use. Thus, prior findings that caffeine is not associated with medical or behavioral disorders may represent false-negative results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of caffeine withdrawal on nocturnal enuresis, insomnia, and behavior restraints.

Examined the effects of caffeine withdrawal on hospitalized psychiatric patients with nocturnal enuresis (n?=?9), insomnia (n?=?10), and physical or pharmacological restraints (n?=?6). Results indicate that clinically significant reductions in enuresis, insomnia, and behavior requiring restraint followed withdrawal. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rapid smoking and self-control in the modification of smoking behavior.

Investigated the efficacy of combining rapid smoking aversion and training in self-control skills for maintaining nonsmoking. 50 habitual smokers (26 males, 24 females; mean age 33 yrs) were assigned to a 3-wk treatment program emphasizing rapid smoking plus self-control, rapid smoking plus filler discussion, normal-paced (placebo) smoking plus self-control, or the placebo smoking procedure plus filler discussion. At the 13-wk follow-up, the performance of the combined rapid smoking plus self-control program was not superior to rapid smoking plus discussion. In fact, Ss in the combined program performed worse (had a higher mean smoking rate and a smaller percentage of abstinence) at both treatment termination and follow-up. Self-control did improve performance in placebo smoking Ss. Differences associated with self-control were not statistically significant. Rapid smoking was found to be significantly more effective than the placebo smoking when data from non-married treatment pairs were considered. Possible explanations for the negative impact of self-control on rapid smoking are outlined. Locus of control scores and extended experimenter–S contact after termination were not related to treatment performance. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pain as a motivator of smoking: Effects of pain induction on smoking urge and behavior.

Tobacco smoking has been associated with the development and exacerbation of chronically painful conditions. Conversely, there is reason to believe that smokers may be motivated to use tobacco as a means of coping with their pain. To date, no controlled, experimental studies have tested for a causal relationship between pain and smoking motivation. The primary aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that laboratory-induced cold pressor pain would enhance smoking motivation, as measured by self-reported urge to smoke and observation of immediate smoking behavior. Smokers (N = 132) were randomly assigned to either pain or no pain conditions. Results indicated that situational pain increased urge ratings and produced shorter latencies to smoke. The relationship between pain and increased urge to smoke was partially mediated by pain-induced negative affect. The relationship between pain and shorter latency to smoke was fully mediated by pain-induced urge to smoke. This study provides the 1st experimental evidence that situational pain can be a potent motivator of smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of smoking cessation, restrained eating, and motivational states on food intake in the laboratory.

20 smokers, 20 abstaining smokers (for 24 hrs), and 20 nonsmokers completed ratings of motivational state before and after a taste test, to examine the mediating effects of motivations to eat and smoke, cross-motivational satiating effects, and restrained eating on post-smoking-cessation food intake in the laboratory. The results suggest that the abstaining smokers consumed more carbohydrates, calories, fat, protein, and mass than the smokers; that food intake was related to the urge to eat, the urge to smoke, and craving for a cigarette; and that eating could reduce the desire to smoke. However, these effects were only apparent for the female smokers. In addition, restrained eating predicted increases in postcessation food intake. The results are discussed in terms of a substitution theory of motivational states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eating behavior of overweight and nonoverweight persons in the natural environment

The eating behaviors of 34 overweight and 37 nonoverweight male and female customers of a quick-service diner were observed for differences in speed of eating as a function of weight, sex, and type of meal selected. Results show that the overweight Ss took fewer bites and chews, spent less time in nonchewing activities, and finished eating sooner. Several sex differences were also noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of caffeine on visual monitoring.

Examined the effects of caffeine on a protracted visual monitoring task analogous to an aspect of automobile night driving. 100 male undergraduates participated in monitoring 2 red lights that moved apart at random intervals, simulating the rate-of-closure cue of change in visual angle for a vehicle following 60 yd. behind another vehicle. 20 measures of response latency were provided for each S in each of 4 hr. of continuous testing. 5 groups (n = 20) were given the following treatments: placebo, 200 mg. of caffeine at the beginning of the 2nd hr., 200 mg. at the 3rd hr., 400 mg. at the 2nd, and 400 mg. at the 3rd. Results indicate that caffeine significantly inhibited response blocking (attention lapses). The effects were apparent within l hr. following administration and persisted over the remaining time. No difference was found between dosage levels or in magnitude of effect at the different administration times. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality influences on change in smoking behavior.

Objective: To investigate associations between personality traits in early adulthood (and changes in them) and change in smoking status. Design: Prospective, longitudinal study of a general-population birth cohort. Main Outcome Measures: We measured smoking at ages 18, 26, and 32, and personality at ages 18 and 26 using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen & Waller, in press). We assessed personality’s ability to predict future smoking, and assessed how changes in personality traits relate to change in smoking status. Results: Higher aggression and alienation at age 18 predicted smoking at 26; higher self-control and traditionalism at age 18 predicted nonsmoking at 26; and higher alienation at age 26 predicted persistence of smoking to age 32. Personality change between 18 and 26 was associated with change in smoking behavior; those who stopped smoking decreased more than others in negative emotionality and increased more in constraint. Conclusion: These findings suggest that interventions fostering personality change may be effective in reducing smoking and indicate appropriate targets for such antismoking interventions in young people. In particular, high alienation predicted smoking persistence, perhaps due to resistance to existing antismoking messages; we discuss approaches that may overcome this. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of chronic caffeine administration on respiration and schedule-controlled behavior in rhesus monkeys

The effects of chronic caffeine administration on ventilation and schedule-controlled behavior were studied in 12 adult rhesus monkeys. In seated subjects prepared with a head plethysmograph, ventilation was measured during exposure to air (normocapnia) and to elevated levels of CO2 (3%, 4% and 5%) mixed in air (hypercapnia). Acute administration of caffeine (10.0-30.0 mg/kg i.m.) produced marked, dose-dependent increases in ventilation during conditions of normocapnia and hypercapnia. However, daily administration of caffeine (10.0 mg/kg i.m.) for 8 consecutive days resulted in tolerance to its respiratory-stimulant effects that was surmountable with higher doses. Caffeine-tolerant subjects also were cross-tolerant to theophylline, an active metabolite of caffeine, and to rolipram and Ro 20-1724, selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors. When chronic administration was terminated and the acute effects of caffeine were redetermined, sensitivity returned to levels obtained before chronic administration within 9 days. Drug effects on behavior were studied in monkeys trained to respond under a fixed-interval schedule of stimulus termination. Acute administration of caffeine (1.0-30.0 mg/kg i.m.) produced significant rate-increasing effects on fixed-interval responding, but chronic administration resulted in tolerance that was insurmountable, such that no dose increased responding above control rates. Although the time course for development and loss of tolerance to the behavioral effects of caffeine corresponded closely with respiration, cross-tolerance did not extend to the behavioral effects of rolipram. Chronic caffeine administration had little effect on caffeine metabolism or clearance, which indicated that caffeine tolerance was pharmacodynamic. The results suggest that different neurochemical mechanisms mediate the effects of caffeine on respiration and behavior, and that inhibition of type IV phosphodiesterase plays a prominent role in caffeine-induced respiratory stimulation.     

Relationship of role playing and knowledge of appropriate behavior to assertion in the natural environment.

Role-play tests have become one of the standard ways to assess interpersonal behavior, yet their validity has not been demonstrated. A study compared behavior in a series of role-play situations with behavior in identical in vivo encounters. 28 psychiatric patients (mean age 32.3 yrs) were recruited as Ss. Each was assessed in a series of in vivo situations, in a role-play test, and in a structured interview during which they were asked what someone "should" do in a variety of interpersonal interactions. Results do not support the validity of the role-play procedure. Behavior in the role-play test was not highly related to behavior in the parallel in vivo situations. There also was a greater correspondence between interview responses and in vivo behavior than between interview responses and role play. Alternative hypotheses about this pattern of results are discussed, and it is suggested that the process of role playing might be associated with unique response demands that produce an idiosyncratic response pattern. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is smoking automatic? Demands of smoking behavior on attentional resources.

The role of attention in the production of smoking behavior was investigated. Experienced and novice smokers were asked to perform a reaction time (RT) task under 4 conditions: while smoking (smoking), while mimicking all aspects of smoking except inhaling (pseudosmoking), while simply holding a cigarette (holding), and while not smoking (baseline). Experienced smokers' RTs increased during the pseudosmoking and holding conditions compared with baseline but did not differ between the smoking and baseline conditions, suggesting that attentional resources were not required for typical smoking behavior but were required to alter or inhibit smoking behavior. Novice smokers' RTs were slower during both the smoking and pseudosmoking conditions but not the holding condition, suggesting that novice smokers require the use of resources to smoke. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the differences in RT across conditions could not be explained by differences in urges. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of acute caffeine administration on adolescents.

Acute caffeine administration has physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects. Despite its widespread use, few studies have described the impact of caffeine consumption in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine administration in adolescents. We measured cardiovascular responses and snack food intake after acute administration of 0 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg of caffeine. We also compared usual food intake and subjective effects of caffeine between high- and low-caffeine consumers. Finally, we conducted a detailed analysis of caffeine sources and consumption levels. We found main effects of caffeine dose on heart rate (HR) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), with HR decreasing and DBP increasing with increasing caffeine dose. There were significant interactions among gender, caffeine use, and time on DBP. High caffeine consumers (>50 mg/day) reported using caffeine to stay awake and drinking coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks more than low consumers (     

Effects of caffeine on anxiety and depression.

Administered the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List to 157 Ss (mean age, 24.88 yrs) both before and 1 hr after double-blind administrations of 0, 150, or 300 mg of caffeine per 45.36 kg and after controlling for caffeine tolerance. Caffeine increased anxiety, depression, and hostility. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Abstinence from smoking and the social environment.

At 2, 3, and 8 wks following cessation from smoking, subjects reported the frequencies of specific behaviors from their spouses, families, and friends via the Social Interaction Questionnaire. Factor analysis of questionnaire data indicated that three clusters were generalizable across the three sources, resulting in nine social interaction scores. Two of these scores were significantly related to outcome at 13-wks postcessation. Compared with recidivists, abstainers reported more helping behaviors from friends throughout the maintenance period. Additionally, the pattern of friends' prompting of or modeling of smoking over the three assessments differentiated abstainers from recidivists, with recidivists indicating increases in the prompting of relapse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of ethanol and caffeine on behavior in C57BL/6 mice in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task.

Introduction: Caffeine is frequently consumed concurrent to or immediately following ethanol consumption. Identifying how caffeine and ethanol interact to modulate behavior is essential to understanding the co-use of these drugs. The plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PMDAT) allows within-subject measurement of learning, anxiety, and locomotion. Methods: For training, each mouse was placed in the center of the plus-maze for 5 min, and each time that the mouse entered the aversive enclosed arm, a light and white noise were turned on. At testing, each mouse was returned to the center of the maze for 3 min. No cues were turned on during testing. Results: Ethanol (1.0–1.4 g/kg) dose-dependently decreased anxiety and learning, and increased locomotion. Caffeine (5.0–40.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased anxiety and decreased locomotion and learning. Caffeine failed to reverse ethanol-induced learning deficits. However, 1.4 g/kg ethanol blocked the anxiogenic effect of caffeine. Discussion: Although caffeine and ethanol interact to modulate behavior in the PMDAT, caffeine does not reverse ethanol-induced learning deficits. Ethanol-induced anxiolysis may contribute to alcohol consumption, while ethanol’s blockade of caffeine-induced anxiogenesis may contribute to co-use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of caffeine on alertness in simulated automobile driving.

30 min after ingesting 200 mg of caffeine or a placebo, each of 24 21-26 yr old males drove an automobile simulator for 90 min. Immediately thereafter, the S ingested a supplemental dose of 200 mg of the medication taken initially and then drove for another 90 min. The simulator provided a comprehensive and coherent set of stimulus inputs which produced a degree of realism not usually found in laboratory studies. Both the initial and the supplemental doses of caffeine significantly enhanced performance beyond that found with placebo, on each of 4 measures of alertness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Family history of smoking and young adult smoking behavior.

Compared the smoking behavior and smoking-related beliefs of 816 young adult smokers who did and did not have a family history of cigarette smoking (FHS). Those with an FHS smoked more cigarettes in a typical day, smoked for more years, perceived themselves as more addicted to cigarettes, had more positive beliefs about the psychological consequences of smoking, and reported stronger pleasurable relaxation motives and stimulation motives for smoking compared with their peers who had no FHS. Thus, smokers with an FHS were more committed smokers and viewed smoking as having more positive psychological benefit than did their peers without an FHS. Such individual differences may be mediated through both social–environmental and genetically influenced mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)