演进的美国现代化水坝安全管理模式

溃坝对一般民众而言,或许还是一种天方夜谭,一种迷思,但从事水坝安全的工作者,包括业主、顾问工程师与政府法规执行者,必须要有忧患意识,不能因民众此种危机意识低迷,就疏忽甚至也误认为溃坝风险不存在。依据美国加州史丹福的国家水坝行为资料中心所提供的数字显示,自1972年西维吉尼亚州水牛溪坝溃决造成l25人丧命后,美国已知的溃坝就有742座,过去5年中即有380座(1998年资料)。如照这种情形发展下去,美国每年平均将溃决50座坝,将付出2500万美元的代价。美国从多次溃坝的灾难中吸取惨痛的教训,不断地改善水坝安全的管理方式,如《州水坝安全部门模式》一书所列的大纲(FEMA,1998),值得我们学习他人宝贵经验。本文仅简介美国州政府施行现代化水坝安全管理的一些情况,提供相关单位、人员作为参考。“他山之石,可以攻玉”,借鉴美国的长处,以弥补自己不足之处,也可收“亡羊补牢,犹未为晚”之功。因此,水坝安全管理是一种公共安全工作,一种避免溃坝、防患于未然的工作,属于一种预防性、未雨绸缪主动发现问题并及时采取补救措施的专业工作。愿以此基本认知与大家共勉之,确保民生社稷之福。     

美国防洪的若干措施

我国１９９８年发生大洪水后，正在加紧研究防洪问题。本文介绍美国防洪的若干措施，着重于非工程措施方面，意在他山之石可以攻玉，供研究我国防洪问题借鉴。美国也是一个洪灾频繁的国家。据统计，美国６０年代洪灾损失平均每年达７．２亿美元（折算成１９９７年美元价值...     

美国的治水之道

详细介绍了美国水资源的管理、开发、利用和保护情况。现代化的管理与健全的法规及合理的水价政策 ,使美国水资源得到了合理的开发利用 ,既刺激了水消费 ,又避免了水浪费 ,对我国的水资源开发利用有一定的参考价值和借鉴作用     

美军野战供水系统介绍

饮用水供应是世界各国军队后勤保障的重要任务.美军的野战供水系统具备非常成熟的软件系统和硬件设施,简要介绍了美军的野战供水标准、供水方案和净水装置.     

美国现行饮用水水质标准简介

美国现行饮用水水质标准是在《1996年安全饮用水法修正案》的框架内制定的,根据其要求,为每种污染物制定了污染物最大浓度目标值(MCLGs)和污染物最大浓度值(MCLs),由于两者的目的不同,制定方法也有所不同。从内容上,该标准分为一级标准(NPDWRs)和二级标准(NSDWRs)。一级标准为强制性标准,适用于公用给水系统;二级标准为非强制性标准,用于控制水中对美容或感官有影响的污染物浓度。此外,还对其他相关的水质标准、法规作了简要介绍。     

Public thresholds for chlorinous flavors in U.S. tap water.

Considering this rapid growth in the purchasing of bottled water and home filtration devices, utilities are increasingly concerned about consumer dissatisfaction with tap water quality. This project aimed to characterize public perceptions of chlorinous flavors in drinking water, and how these impact customers' choices with respect to consumption of tap water alternatives. On-site taste tests at seven water utilities with 30 to 40 panelists at each site, were conducted using a forced-choice triangle test method (ASTM method E679-91) to measure public sensitivity to chlorine and chloramine in drinking water. The chlor(am)ine concentration increased from set to set. The best-estimate sensitivity limit for each panelist was the geometric mean of that concentration at which the last miss occurred and the next (adjacent) higher concentration. The measured sensitivity limit of average American populations to free chlorine (159 persons tested) and chloramine (93 persons tested) in tap water were 0.8 and 3.7 mg/L Cl2, respectively. These thresholds are much higher than those previously reported in the literature using trained FPA panels. No significant differences were observed between tap water users and users of tap water alternatives or between the various markets tested with respect to average sensitivity, though individual sensitivity varied widely.     

美国田纳西河流域开发的启示

美国田纳西河流域开发的经验教训，对于我国西部的水资源开发管理有如下的启示：水资源开发利用是国土资源经济整体规划的重要组成部分；水资源开发利用要重视环保与生态平衡；加强流域机构的统一开发管理；实施有偿投资开发；梯级开发是防洪的最重要工程措施。     

Designing Effective Public Participation Programs: A U.S. Perspective

Abstract

The key to effective public participation is to ensure that public participation activities are an integrated part of the decision making process. The author, a public participation practitioner in the U.S. for more than 30 years, describes a “thought process” designed to bring about this integration. There is no single public participation process suitable to all situations or all cultures. The key to an effective public participation program is to match public participation techniques to the public participation objectives you are trying to achieve and “the public” for this particular decision.     

从伊拉克战争看美军的野战供水保障特点

水的保障是军队后勤保障中极其重要的组成部分,从分析伊拉克战争中美军的供水保障入手,概括了在现代高技术局部战争中大量使用直饮水并注重防核生化污染的保障特点。     

Perspectives on U.S. Great Lakes Chemical Toxic Substances Research

Because of their magnitude, their geographic and demographic characteristics, and their unique limnological properties, the Great Lakes appear to be especially susceptible to chemical contamination. The scientific basis for dealing with this contamination is very limited compared with the magnitude of the problem. This is particularly evident when the vast array of toxic xenobiotic substances of anthropogenic origin are considered. Major knowledge gaps exist on the critical transport pathways, ultimate fate, and ecological effects of toxic substances (of urgent importance are health effects on humans residing in the basin), as well as on the economic and social aspects of toxics management.The economic climate of the 1980s, however, is likely to severely limit the resources available for the conduct of research which is so badly needed. Consequently, it appears that the Great Lakes research community will have imposed upon it a markedly increased demand for information and a concomitant reduction in the resources available to accomplish the task. Finally, despite a pessimistic outlook for research support, there is optimism that the Great Lakes will respond positively, and in a relatively short time span (years as opposed to centuries), to the abatement of toxic inputs. Nevertheless, additional information on the processes affecting the distribution and fate of toxic substances is still critical to the understanding required to ensure effective remedial actions.     

美国水库大坝安全管理及思考

美国在水库大坝安全管理方面积累了丰富的经验,值得国内大坝管理部门借鉴。从立法、管理机构设置、职责范围、工作内容、信息技术应用等方面,介绍了美国水库大坝安全管理现状;分析了美国大坝安全管理的业务领域、业务流程和辅助技术手段;阐述了联邦政府和州政府在全美大坝安全管理中的作用。在总结美国大坝安全管理工作的基础上, 分析了其制度的优越性和局限性。结合国内水库大坝安全管理工作的需要,提出了提高我国水库大坝安全管理工作效率的建议。     

美国的风力发电发展概况

2009年4月22日是世界地球日,美国总统奥巴马在这一天倡导新能源利用,并前往爱荷华州宣传其能源计划,奥巴马敦促美国在发展可再生能源方面起领先作用.今后三年美国风能和太阳能等替代能源的发展规模要增长一倍,美国政府正在推行授权在美国近海发展风力发电和潮汐发电计划,力争到2030年风力发电满足美国电力需求的20%.据此,美国的风力发电建设将会进一步加速.     

振型分解反应谱法计算拱坝地震动应力

结合国家“九五”攻关项目－－沙牌碾压混凝土拱坝的研究，利用ANSYS软件动力分析中的谱分析功能，对拱坝进行基于振型分解反应谱方法的抗震计算。     

美国水力发电许可证制度初步介绍

在美国申请新的水力发电许可证审查过程中,根据1970年代以后颁布的联邦环保法,联邦能源监管委员会（FERC）对所有重新申请许可证的非联邦所有水电站进行新的环境影响评估,以决定是否发放发电许可证。许可证的环评是在FERC的主导下,由联邦和州环境资源管理部门、印地安部落和非政府咨询公司合作完成。为了获得新的发电许可证,这些水电站加大了生态环境的投入。经过数十年的努力,美国一些河流的生态环境有所改善。