酶制剂对全麦面包品质作用分析

全麦面包富含各类有益于人体健康的营养物质,但其消费量却远低于白面包,其原因主要在于全麦面包质地坚韧且感官品质不佳,因此需要对全麦面包的品质进行改良.添加酶制剂是全麦面包品质优化措施之一.本文阐述了木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶、植酸酶、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶、葡萄糖氧化酶及脂肪酶单独作用时对全麦面包的比容、质构及老化方面的影响及作用机制...     

阿拉伯木聚糖对小麦面筋蛋白的作用机理研究

以全麦面包在加工中遇到的问题为研究切入点,对阿拉伯木聚糖凝胶的形成、阿拉伯木聚糖与小麦面筋蛋白的相互作用等机理进行综述。由于阿拉伯木聚糖凝胶阻碍了小麦面筋蛋白网状结构的形成,使全麦面包的烘焙体积较白面包的体积偏小,这是导致全麦面包烘焙品质差的主要原因。     

面包市场植物种子需求量日益增长

植物种子倍受消费者青睐 在整个面包市场，功能性面包盈利甚微，其销售额仅为27亿英镑，占面包市场销售总额的不到1％，远不及全麦面包、褐色面包等。目前全麦面包和褐色面包的市场占有率接近30％，且呈不断上升的趋势，甚至有望超过白面包的市场占有率，其中富含植物种子的面包处于主导地位，因为消费者认为植物种子有益健康。     

不同发酵类型乳酸菌对全麦面包品质影响研究

为提高全麦面包的加工和食用品质，利用7株乳酸菌发酵全麦酸面团并制备全麦面包，探究不同发酵类型乳酸菌对全麦面包焙烤品质、老化特性和营养价值的影响。结果发现，与自然发酵酸面团相比，兼性异型植物乳杆菌酸面团发酵的全麦面包，比容增加了4.3%,而焙烤损失、硬度分别降低了10.1%、17.2%;老化率降低了44.11%,在抑菌性、延长货架期方面也具有良好的效果；总氨基酸含量提高5.51%,蛋白质化学评分最高，抗氧化能力较强，较对照组增加了70.69%。因此，利用兼性异型发酵型植物乳杆菌制备的全麦酸面团发酵菌剂可显著改善全麦面包的品质，该研究为后续全麦面包工业化生产提供了理论依据及生产指导。     

纤维用于食品强化

近几年,纤维已被视为食品的普通成分。不久前,人们还用“粗纤维”来指称不消化的食物残渣,因粗纤维仅代表食物中一部分纤维素和木质素,现在则改用“膳食纤维”来表示食物中不消化的碳水化合物及类碳水化合物,如纤维素、木质素、半纤维素、戊聚糖、树胶和果胶等。食物粗纤维和膳食纤维在含量上并没有一定关系。如玉米花的膳食纤维含量为粗纤维的15.7倍,而草莓中却只有1.6倍。 白面包同全麦面包相比,纤维很少,实际只有全麦面包的八分之一,而膳食纤维却     

木聚糖酶对面团特性及全麦面包品质影响

研究了木聚糖酶对全麦面团功能特性和全麦面包品质特性的影响。结果表明:木聚糖酶不仅会降低全麦粉的吸水率、减少面团的形成时间和稳定时间,还能够降低面团的抗拉伸力,增加面团的拉伸距离。木聚糖酶能够将水不可提取的多糖转化为水可提取的多糖,从而提高面团中的气体保留能力,使面包的比容增大。木聚糖酶能够将面团中的水分重新分配到面筋中,为面筋提供了更多的延展性,使全麦面包具有更好的弹性和柔软度。此外,木聚糖酶增加面包组织结构的均匀性、质地、香气和口感等品质特性。     

固态发酵对麸皮抗氧化特性及全麦面包感官品质的提升作用

用植物乳杆菌LB-1和酿酒酵母对小麦麸皮进行固态发酵,利用发酵麸皮重组全麦粉制备全麦面包,并对固态发酵麸皮的抗氧化特性及全麦面包的色泽、组织结构、风味、口感等感官品质进行分析.结果表明:经过乳酸菌LB-1与酵母菌协同发酵36?h后,麸皮的总游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性多酚和可溶性阿拉伯木聚糖分别增加了0.44、0.8...     

γ-聚谷氨酸对全麦冷冻面团烘焙特性的影响

将γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)添加至全麦冷冻面团中,通过全麦粉持水率、酵母存活率研究γ-PGA的保水性和抗冻活性;以面包比容和质构等作为评价指标,研究γ-PGA对冷冻面团制作的全麦面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明,添加γ-PGA可提高冷冻全麦面团的酵母存活率和发酵高度,增大全麦面包比容,减小面包硬度,促进面包芯中形成大气孔;贮藏3 d后,添加γ-PGA的全麦面包硬度和老化率显著降低(P<0.05),且γ-PGA的最佳添加量为1%。     

全麦面包风味改良的研究进展

全麦食品以较高的营养价值在近几年受到许多消费者的青睐,全麦面包也在人们日益增长的消费需求中扮演着越来越重要的角色。通过对全麦面包中营养价值、风味物质的形成过程及检测方法分析、影响全麦面包风味的因素、发酵过程对全麦面包风味的影响、贮藏过程中面包风味的变化及全麦面包亟待解决的问题及改良途径等的阐述,说明了全麦面包中起主要作用的风味物质和加工生产、贮藏的研究进展,以期为全麦面包标准化、产业化生产的改良与完善提供参考。     

我国市场全麦面包品质现状分析

对我国市场上全麦面包配料、所采用的标准、营养成分等信息充分调研的基础上，系统分析了全麦面包的理化品质、质构品质和感官品质等，讨论了全麦面包产业现状及发展方向。调查结果显示：在采购的44个全麦面包中，47%的样品标注了膳食纤维含量，81.8%的全麦面包直接或间接标注了全麦粉含量，45.5%的全麦面包添加了黑小麦粉或/和黑全麦粉。全麦面包的水分含量在23.08%~46.65%之间，保质期≥30天的全麦面包，水分含量低于31.35%，保质期≤20天的全麦粉面包水分含量均高于30%。全麦面包的比容范围为2.40 mL/g~5.61 mL/g，均值为4.29 mL/g，硬度值从350g~3455g之间，个体之间差异较大。感官评价居中的全麦面包数量最多，良和差的较少，没有能够达到优的全麦面包产品。总体上看，全麦面包品质总体不高。     

Discrimination of Volatiles of Refined and Whole Wheat Bread Containing Red and White Wheat Bran Using an Electronic Nose

Abstract: The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of electronic (E) nose technology to discriminate refined and whole wheat bread made with white or red wheat bran according to their headspace volatiles. Whole wheat flour was formulated with a common refined flour from hard red spring wheat, blended at the 15% replacement level with bran milled from representative samples of one hard red and 2 hard white wheats. A commercial formula was used for breadmaking. Results varied according to the nature of the sample, that is, crust, crumb, or whole slices. Bread crust and crumb were completely discriminated. Crumb of whole wheat bread made with red bran was distinct from other bread types. When misclassified, whole wheat bread crumb with white bran was almost invariably identified as refined flour bread crumb. Using crust as the basis for comparisons, the largest difference in volatiles was between refined flour bread and whole wheat bread as a group. When refined flour bread crust was misclassified, samples tended to be confused with whole white wheat crust. Samples prepared from whole bread slices were poorly discriminated in general. E‐nose results indicated that whole wheat bread formulated with white bran was more similar in volatile makeup to refined flour bread compared to whole wheat bread made with red bran. The E‐nose appears to be very capable to accommodate differentiation of bread volatiles whose composition varies due to differences in flour or bran type. Practical Application: Consumer preference of bread made using refined flour in contrast to whole wheat flour is partly due to the different aroma of whole wheat bread. This study used an electronic nose to analyze bread volatiles, and showed that whole wheat bread incorporating white bran was different from counterpart bread made using red bran, and was closer in volatile makeup to “white” bread made without bran. Commercial millers and bakers can take advantage of these results to formulate whole wheat flour with brans of preferred type in order to foster increased consumption of whole wheat products which confer many favorable health benefits.     

The effects of chickpea on the functional properties of white and whole wheat bread

The effects of the addition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), emulsifier and altered amount of water on the functional properties (bread volume, colour of crust, crumb texture and crumb porosity) of white and whole wheat bread were investigated applying a screening three factorial design. Addition of chickpea increased crumb firmness and slightly decreased bread volume in both bread types. Addition of emulsifier increased bread volume and decreased bread firmness. Altering the amount of water addition had no significant effects on white bread, but decreased crumb firmness and increased bread volume in whole wheat bread. None of the investigated parameter had an effect of whole wheat bread colour, while in white bread chickpea addition increased darkness and yellowness of the bread. Optimum addition for breads of highest quality would be 56.9–58% water, 1.0% emulsifier and 10.0–16.0% chickpea in white bread and 58% water, 1.0% emulsifier and 11.8% chickpea in whole wheat bread.     

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Modified Atmosphere on the Compressibility of Stored Baked Goods

Whole wheat flour breads, white breads and biscuits were stored in flexible packages flushed with either air, 100% nitrogen or 100% carbon dioxide. Compressibility tests were performed during a storage time of 13 - 15 days for bread and 7 - 15 days for biscuits. Significantly lower regression coefficients (P < 0.01) were found for white and whole wheat breads and biscuits stored in carbon dioxide modified atmosphere than for the air stored samples. No significant differences were found between regression coefficients of air and nitrogen stored bread samples. Mold growth was inhibited on breads and biscuits by carbon dioxide atmosphere during 13 - 15 days of storage, but occured between the 5th and 7th day of storage on the air packaged samples.     

Dough properties and breadmaking qualities of whole waxy wheat flour and effects of additional enzymes

BACKGROUND: Waxy wheat, a new kind of genetically back‐crossed wheat, was applied to make whole bread in this study. Dough properties and bread quality of the whole waxy wheat flour, which was milled from 100% whole grains containing bran and germ, were determined. RESULTS: Whole waxy wheat had lower protein and lipid contents but higher dietary fiber content than whole regular wheat flour. Pasting temperature and viscosity of the whole waxy wheat flour were significantly lower than those of the whole regular wheat. However, the white wheat flour milled from wheat grains with 48% recovery had significantly higher peak viscosity than the whole waxy wheat. Bread made from the whole waxy wheat flour was significantly softer than that from the whole regular wheat flour during storage. However, bread made from whole waxy wheat had significantly lower specific volume than that from the white waxy flour because of the high amount of dietary fiber. Addition of cellulase increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties and reduced the firmness of the bread. The addition of pentosanase also increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties, improved loaf volume of bread but increased the firmness of breadcrumbs, while the addition of α‐amylase only increased final viscosity of flour and did not affect dough properties and bread qualities of whole waxy wheat flour. CONCLUSION: As a result, waxy wheat shows superior properties for making whole breads. Additional enzymes are also necessary to improve bread quality and nutritive values of whole waxy bread. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

FLAVOR PROPERTIES OF PAN AND PITA BREADS MADE FROM RED AND WHITE HARD SPRING WHEATS

ABSTRACT

Red and white wheat comparisons have not always shown consistent flavor differences. The objective was to compare flavor properties of whole wheat pan and pita breads made from white and red Canadian hard spring wheats. Flavor attributes were defined by trained panelists who marked intensities using 15‐cm line scales. Pan bread made from BW275 and Kanata had significantly lower wheat and wheaty aftertaste intensity than AC Domain (red) and RL4863. Pita bread from Kanata had significantly higher sweet intensity than RL4858, Snowbird and AC Domain (red). Principal component analysis accounted for 74–75% of the variance in both bread types. Biplots showed that some of the white wheat breads tended to be sweeter with less wheaty and bitter with wheaty, bitter and sour aftertastes. Red wheat breads tended to be less sweet, more wheaty and bitter with wheaty, bitter and sour aftertastes. Higher wheaty flavor intensity was associated with visually darker breads.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The study revealed that there were distinct flavor differences in pan bread and pita bread made from red and white wheats. The sweeter and milder flavor observed for some white wheats could be a marketing advantage for these newly developed wheats. In pan and pita bread products targeted to consumers that dislike the often wheaty and bitter taste of whole wheat products made from red wheat, white wheat derived whole wheat products with their milder taste may be more acceptable.     

Bread enriched with flour from cinereous cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea)

Animals and insects are the main sources of protein. The objective of the present study was to produce a flour from cinereous cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea) for protein enrichment of wheat bread. To prepare the flour, the dehydrated insects were crushed and sieved to reduce the granulometry to a particle size of 1.18 mm. The flour was analyzed microbiologically and then added in amounts of 5, 10, and 15% (based on wheat flour) in a bread formulation that was analyzed for chemical composition and color, firmness, and specific volume and compared to white wheat bread and whole wheat bread. Sensorial evaluation was carried out on bread enriched with 10% roasted flour as the one that presented the best nutritional characteristics, differing little from the white and whole wheat bread. It is concluded that the use of cinereous cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea) flour is an efficient way to enrich wheat bread without alterations in sensorial quality.     

Effect of adding wheat bran and germ fractions on the chemical composition of high-fiber toast bread

The effect of the type of bran, level of addition, particle size and addition of wheat germ on the chemical composition of high-fiber toast bread was investigated. The bran and germ fractions were found to be high in ash, protein, fat and total dietary fiber contents. The wheat germ had a protein content of 27.88% compared with 11.35, 12.69 and 15.76% for white flour, whole wheat flour and red fine bran, respectively. The chemical composition of high-fiber breads, in terms of minerals, protein, fat and dietary fiber contents, was found to be far superior than that of the whole wheat flour (control) bread sample. Considering these results, it can be concluded that high-fiber toast bread, with lighter crumb color and improved sensory and nutritional qualities than the whole wheat flour bread, can be produced using white flour, and equal proportions of coarse and fine bran at 20%, germ at 7.5%, and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate at 0.5% levels.     

山楂全麦面包的研制

通过在高筋粉中加入全麦粉和山楂粉,并用酵母二次发酵,研制出山楂全麦面包.以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定全麦粉、山楂粉、奶粉和食盐的添加量对面包品质的影响.结果表明,山楂全麦面包最佳配方为：全麦粉20％,山楂粉1.6％,奶粉3.5％,食盐0.8％,酵母0.9％,鸡蛋14.3％,水50％,白砂糖9 5％,黄油8.3％和面包改良剂0.47％.由此制得的山楂全麦面包风味独特,富含膳食纤维,具有山楂的营养保健功能.     

Selenium levels in breads from Sakarya,Turkey

Selenium (Se) is an important trace element for human and animal health. It accumulates in wheat and corn, which is consumed mostly as bread. The Turkish population consumes mainly white wheat, whole wheat (brown bread) and corn breads. In this study, samples of these breads were collected from six different bakeries in the city of Sakarya, and their selenium levels were determined by ICP–OES after a chemical digestion. It was found that average selenium levels in white wheat, whole wheat and corn breads were 1149, 1204 and 2023?µg/kg, respectively. The results are compared with daily recommended intake and upper tolerable levels for selenium.