Comparative Evaluation Of Surface Water Availability,Wastewater Reuse And Desalination In Saudi Arabia

ABSRTACT

There is a growing concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to exploit water resources of acceptable quality to meet demands in domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors. The agricultural water need, which constitutes approximately 84% of the total demand, was estimated to be 7430 million cubic meters in 1985. The annual domestic and other demands amounted to 1400 million cubic meters for 1985. Various alternative supplies to meet these demands are surface water, renewable groundwater resources, reclaimed wastewater, desalinated water, and non-renewable groundwater. Due to excessive withdrawal of water from deep aquifers, considerable drawdown has recently been noticed.

This paper reviews the existing and future trends in developing surface water resources, reclamation of waste-water from various towns and cities and its use, and the role of desalination plants in the coastal regions of the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea. These alternatives are evaluated and compared in economic terms. Cost-capacity relationships are developed for various alternatives which will be used in developing long-term plans for optimum allocation of available resources in different parts of the Kingdom.     

Water Resources Management in Saudi Arabia and Water Reuse

ABSRTACT

The potential for water reclamation and reuse in Saudi Arabia are assessed by considering relationships among the technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, however water reuse should be analyzed as part of a total hydrologic system to ensure the efficient transfer of wastewater reuse technology

To bring relationships into better focus, the application is developed with reference to Saudi Arabia, which provides an excellent opportunity for practicing water reuse. In this region, a limited water supply is used to satisfy municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses. The economic and social trends are toward continued industrial development and urbanization. In this setting, water recycling through reuse is becoming a more and more important means of expanding water supplies to meet the growing demands for water for virtually all social, economic and environmental uses

Saudi Arabia is an arid country with very limited water resources and about 10 million people. The country covers some 2.2 million km², four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest country in the world without a river or a lake, and thus it represents the ultimate in its need to use the limited water supplies wisely.     

Groundwater Vulnerability and the Reuse of Water,with Reference to Saudi Arabia

It is noted that an integrated water supply system incorporating surface water, groundwater and recycled water is essential and that in the definition of groundwater resources consideration should be given to the inclusion of some brackish and saline waters. The abstraction of groundwater in Saudi Arabia, irrespective of quality, is a mining operation so that increasing emphasis will need to be placed on desalinization and the recycling of sewage and industrial waste waters. Aspects of the reuse of such waters are discussed with respect to aquifer protection and aquifer value as a storage medium.     

污水资源化利用技术现状及其应用实例

综述了国内外生活污水的资源化利用技术研究现状 ,通过对污水处理技术的实用性和污水回用风险的分析 ,认为膜生物反应器是污水处理技术的重要发展方向 ,工业回用和中水回用是首选的资源化利用方向。     

MBR污水处理与回用工艺的经济分析和评价

MBR(MembraneBioreactor)是将生物处理与膜分离技术相结合而成的一种高效污水处理新工艺。就其在城市污水处理、中水回用工程和高浓度生活污水处理领域的应用进行了经济分析和比较。结果表明 ,随着膜价格的降低 ,MBR工艺比传统的污水处理工艺具有更强的竞争力     

炼油厂废水的再生技术与应用

通过小试与中试研究 ,开发了一种新的炼油废水再生工艺和技术 ,采用“悬浮载体生物深度处理、臭氧部分氧化及生物活性炭处理”等工序深度处理炼油废水 ,COD ,BOD ,NH3-N ,油 ,硫化物 ,SS ,细菌等主要污染物被有效去除 ,总出水清澈 ,无色无味 ,可满足工业用新鲜水、生活与办公杂用、绿化等的水质要求 ,且处理费用低 ,运行稳定可靠。     

A Framework for Wastewater Reuse in Jordan: Utilizing a Modified Wastewater Reuse Index

Pressing water scarcity in Jordan rapidly increases the demands of marginal water resources for the agricultural sector. Water management studies reveal that no single source could fully solve the nation??s water shortage and many integrated actions are needed to ensure water availability, suitability and sustainability. Yet, among these options treated wastewater has the largest potential to augment water supply in the near future, thereby narrowing the gap between available freshwater and total demand. Indeed, treated wastewater could be a valuable source for irrigation in the agricultural sector and an increasing percentage of irrigated areas, especially in the Jordan Valley, are currently using treated wastewater. With a fast growing population and expansion of the irrigated areas to meet food demand, the pressure on water resources in Jordan remains of imminent importance. Hence, an urgent call to analyze the current and potential role of treated wastewater seems justified. Under the umbrella of the project on the Sustainable Management of Available Water Resources with Innovative Technologies (SMART) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research in Germany, an investigation has been carried out in the Jordan Valley to estimate the current wastewater reuse quantities and the potential to increase its utility for agricultural production. In general, the reuse as percentage of total treatment is applied for national and international comparisons. Yet, this index is of limited use for policy decisions as it does not reflect potentialities of wastewater use. Therefore, this study introduces a wastewater reuse index (WRI) that reflects the actual proportion of wastewater reused from the total generated wastewater. We found that the WRI in Jordan steadily increased from 30% in 2004 to 38 in 2007. Efficient use of treated wastewater requires the application of new technologies in Jordan like dwellings connected to the sewer system, decentralization of treatment plants to rural and urban settlements and prevention of high evaporation rates from stabilization ponds.     

建筑中水处理设施设计实践

总结了北京多处以洗浴水为中水原水的处理设施设计和调试经验。从理论和实践提出采用接触氧化 过滤处理工艺的可行性和采用填料表面积有机负荷SOL作为设计接触氧化池的主要参数。介绍确定调节池有效容积的方法 ;选用多向喷射自吸式潜水曝气机的算法。并从余氯量和出水卫生等指标分析了采用快速混合接触消毒技术的优点。     

氧化铝生产废水回用技术

长铝公司氧化铝生产过程中产生大量的碱性含油废水 ,通过综合治理 ,分质处理 ,不但满足了不同用户对水质的不同需求 ,而且解决了氧化铝生产过程中的一些技术问题 ,达到了综合治理、合理回用的目的 ,取得了一定的经济效益     

Management of Groundwater Resources in Eastern Saudi Arabia

Effective management of groundwater in arid countries, such as Saudi Arabia, is an important factor in sustainable development. A regional numerical simulation model of a multi-aquifer system including the Dammam and Umm Er Radhuma (UER) aquifers was developed to assess the behaviour of the aquifer system under long-term water stresses. The model was utilized to predict the responses of the aquifer system under three alternative pumping schemes over a planning horizon of 31 years (1995-2025). Model results postulate that dewatering of the Dammam aquifer will occur at low productivity sites and along the outcrop with the current trend towards increasing abstraction. The UER will exhibit significant cones of depression at large irrigation projects. Aquifer dewatering and drawdowns will be minimal with the conservation alternative. This management scheme should be adopted for the future development and protection of groundwater in the province.     

石家庄市民心河污水回用的工程实践

介绍了石家庄市民心河工程和石家庄市桥西污水处理厂的概况,提出了解决环境用水和生产生活用水矛盾的一种方法--污水回用.从实际情况出发,在对原有的二级生化污水处理厂进行了挖潜改造的基础上,结合污水回用的目的、方向及用途提出了一套简易可行的处理工艺,同时兼顾了较低的运行成本和较大的灵活性.该工程的深度处理工艺具有成熟可靠、运行稳定、操作灵活、自动化水平高等特点,为污水回用在实际工程中应用作了有益的尝试并取得了良好的效果.     

美国污水回用技术调研分析

介绍了美国在水领域总体战略目标和相关体制、技术等方面的调整 ,内容涉及管理体制的调整 ,水市场、水权的界定 ;技术方面表现在由单项技术转变为技术集成。文末结合国情提出了一些建议     

废水回用处理与工艺给水处理联合工程设计

废水处理站处理规模为 33m3 /h ,包括含铜、含锌和含铬三种废水 ,经分质处理合格后 ,与补充的水源水混合 ,再经预处理和两级反渗透处理后供给生产工艺使用。介绍了废水处理回用与工艺给水处理联合工程设计的工艺流程 ,并对原材料预期消耗量及运行成本进行了分析。     

Investment Needs and Privatization of Water Services in Saudi Arabia

The article outlines the dynamics of the privatization of water supply and sanitation services in Saudi Arabia. It also gives a summary of the projected requirements of desalination plants' capacity and the estimated capital investment needed for water supply and sanitation services. It gives a summary of public and private initiatives to privatize water services in Saudi Arabia.     

Water-saving strategies for irrigation agriculture in Saudi Arabia

Agriculture policy changes in Saudi Arabia are investigated by water footprint (WF) assessment. WF is calculated with the model SPARE:WATER for 3758 irrigated sites. The WF of agriculture areas (WF_area, km³ yr^?1) has decreased (–17%) since the year 2000 to 13.84 km³ yr^?1 (2011), which is mainly caused by the reduction of cropland by –33%. Nevertheless, water consumption per field has increased about 16%, which can be attributed to the cultivation of fodder crops (+12%). A scenario analysis revealed that a shifting cropping pattern towards less fodder crops reduces WF_area by –15%, and implementing improved irrigation technology leads to a combined reduction of up to 32%     

Comparative hydrochemical study of water springs in Saudi Arabia

Dozens of water springs are scattered over the 2.25 million km2 area of Saudi Arabia. The water from these springs, which originates in rock formations of the various types to be found in the Arabian Shield and Arabian Shelf, represents the main source for multiple uses in major towns and cities. Samples of water from 40 springs issuing from various rock formations were collected and their hydrochemical properties studied. It was found that their salinity and ion concentration ranges varied significantly.     

Treated wastewater use in Saudi Arabia: challenges and initiatives

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia considers treated wastewater a major water source and aims to achieve 100% use of treated wastewater by 2025. This article reviews Saudi Arabia’s treated wastewater utilization status to date. It also highlights the key challenges facing the authorities, such as the substantial growth in demand for wastewater services; low coverage of the existing wastewater collection, treatment, and treated wastewater use systems; and the capital investment needed for infrastructure development. Finally, the article highlights the initiatives taken thus far to tackle these challenges and recommends further initiatives towards successful achievement of Saudi Arabia’s treated wastewater utilization objective.     

邯郸市东污水处理厂污水回用工程介绍

介绍了邯郸市东污水处理厂污水回用工程的基本情况 ,在分析回用水用户特点的基础上 ,确定了回用水水质、水量及供应方式 ,工艺采用过滤 氯消毒。运行实践表明该工艺处理效果达标 ,经济效益优良。     

沈阳华润三洋压缩机有限公司工业废水处理及回用工程实践

沈阳华润三洋压缩机有限公司 (简称沈阳三洋公司 )依照清洁生产原则 ,实施生产废水分路收集净化处理 ,既节约原料消耗 ,提高水循环利用率 ,又减少废水排放量 ,取得了显著的经济和环境效益