基于3E决策的崆峒水库优化调度

传统的水库调度以兴利和除害为主要目的,而基于3E决策的水库调度则实现了水库经济、社会和生态的多目标优化调度。首先采用逐月最小和频率计算方法计算最小生态流量和适宜生态流量,选定适宜于崆峒水库的生态流量;然后建立3E模型,采用二元比较模糊决策分析方法确定各个目标的不同权重,将多目标单一化;最后采用粒子群算法对模型进行求解。求解结果表明:使水库供水效益最大的供水量为4 622×10~4m~3,其中农业总供水量3 630×10~4m~3,工业和生活总供水量992×10~4m~3,而维持生态基流的生态用水量为2 311×10~4m~3。这可为水库的后期调度提供决策依据,也为水库的供水矛盾体提出了加强水利改革的建议。     

沧州渤海新区海冰资源开发利用的可行性分析

京津冀协同发展战略及河北省沿海地区发展规划的提出,促进了环渤海经济圈的发展,沧州渤海新区地处环渤海经济圈的核心地带,城市化进程不断加快,使得水资源需求变大,加重了水资源短缺的形势。本文通过分析、统计新区的气象、水量及规划数据,计算了沧州渤海新区的供需水量。结果表明:到2020年需水量约为4.03×10~8m~3/a,预期可供水约3.27×10~8m~3/a,水资源缺口近7600×10~8m~3/a。运用ENVI软件解译黄骅海域的遥感影像,预期新区可开采海冰量约为1.76×10~8m~3,供水约为8 800×10~8m~3/a。因此,沧州渤海新区的海冰储量可观、淡化成本低、水质好,淡化水可替代生态及部分工业用水,海冰资源的开发利用的前景广阔,可行性高。在新区内尝试开发利用海冰资源不仅可以减轻灾害损失,缓解水资源短缺问题,还为我国其他饱受海冰灾害影响的沿海地区提供参考和指导。     

Economic benefits of improved water quality in the Delaware River (USA)

Water quality in the Delaware River, USA, has improved significantly since the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), Clean Water Act of 1972, and authorization of the Delaware River Basin Commission Compact in 1961. Initial economic analysis by the Federal Water Pollution Administration in 1966 concluded the multimillion dollar pollution abatement programme would generate $350 million in annual benefits by improving dissolved oxygen levels to fishable standards in the Delaware River. Although water quality in the Delaware has improved substantially, scientists have called for raising the 1960s dissolved oxygen criteria from 3.5 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L to ensure year‐round propagation of anadromous American shad and Atlantic sturgeon. This higher level would also mitigate atmospheric warming resulting in increased water temperatures and sea water incursion, both of which would lead to reductions in dissolved oxygen saturation in the river. Additional economic valuation of this water quality improvement shows direct use benefits in the Delaware River to range from $371 million to $1.1 billion per year. Other economic sectors benefiting from improved water quality include recreational boating ($46–$334 million), recreational fishing ($129–$202 million), agriculture ($8–$188 million), nonuse value ($76–$115 million), viewing/boating/fishing ($55–$68 million), bird watching ($15–$33 million), property value ($13–27 million), water supply ($12–$24 million), commercial fishing (up to $17 million), and navigation ($7–$16 million). Future economic research is needed in the Delaware River watershed to more precisely measure nonuse benefits by public willingness to pay for improved water quality.     

矿井大量涌水地区多水源联合配置

为了实现矿井水在区域供水体系中的科学配置,以煤矿开采规模庞大的乌审旗为研究区域,预测未来水资源供需态势,建立包含矿井水的多水源供水规则与配置模型,经优化提出多水源联合配置方案。结果表明：随着煤矿开采规模的扩大,与2020年相比,2025年乌审旗供水结构将发生显著变化,地下水供水量将减少44.9%,矿井水供水量将增加1.4倍;矿井水大量供给将置换地下水水源,可解决局部地下水超采问题;受用水总量控制指标的限制,2025年全旗缺水量将达到1 913×10⁴ m³,未来需要退减耕地面积以控制总需水量的增长。乌审旗有大规模利用矿井水的迫切需求,但存在供水成本高、取水许可“批用不符”等现实问题。乌审旗在建的大水网工程为当地地表水、黄河水、矿井水、再生水等水源的丰枯互济提供了工程条件,有利于消除矿井水的不稳定性,保障水资源的稳定供给。     

坪底供水工程供水规模调整设计

随着石楼县经济发展供水任务增加,坪底供水工程原设计供水规模难以满足工业和生活用水需求,因此,需对该供水工程规模进行调整。经计算,该工程年供水量650万m~3,供水保证率95%,供水流量0.3m~3/s;工程总库容744万m~3,调蓄池容积120万m~3。     

Domestic water access and pricing in urban areas of Mozambique: between equity and cost recovery for the provision of a vital resource

This article first presents the urban domestic water access situation in Mozambique. Then it analyzes the country's tariff system as a tool to recover water supply costs and to secure equity and affordability for the urban households served. The analysis focused on those households with in-dwelling water access (less than 50% of the urban population in Mozambique). Urban families using 5 m³, 10 m³, and 15 m³ of in-dwelling piped water per month pay an average of USD 0.86, 0.74, and 0.76 per m³, respectively. At the national level, cost recovery is an issue because in most urban areas operation and maintenance costs are not fully covered. The average coverage ratio for the country is 0.85. The presented figures indicate that a revision of the water tariffs currently applied in Mozambique could help improve equity, affordability and cost recovery.     

Managed aquifer recharge using quaternary-treated wastewater: an economic perspective

An excess of 31 million m³/y of tertiary-treated wastewater is expected in Muscat, Oman, by 2015. This paper addresses the technical and cost estimation of managed aquifer recharge after reverse-osmosis treatment. The results indicate that the project is appealing from an economic perspective. The total cost varies between USD 0.353 and USD 0.550 per cubic metre, depending on the cost of electricity, the interest rate and the life span of the project. The project may face rejection from domestic users, who may be unwilling to accept mixing treated wastewater with the current water supply due to health risks. An alternative to indirect potable reuse is the installation of a separate network to service industrial users.     

基于用水总量控制的雄安新区用水强度指标体系

为实现用水总量的控制目标,从控制用水强度、提高水资源利用效率两方面出发,利用比拟借鉴方法构建了雄安新区不同时期分行业、分区域的用水强度指标体系。针对用水强度指标的不确定性,利用随机模拟方法预测了雄安新区不同时期需水总量,并进行统计分析。结果表明：雄安新区建设期、建成期、腾飞期最小需水量在7.5亿m³以内,平均需水量为8亿m³左右,最大需水量达到9亿m³;建议在建立先进用水强度指标体系的基础上,严格用水强度指标的执行监管,确保用水强度指标落地见效,全面推广生活、工业、农业先进节水技术,加强非常规水资源利用,促进水资源高效循环利用。     

宁东能源化工基地水资源优化配置研究

宁东能源化工基地水资源极为贫乏,合理配置基地内的水资源对能源基地的发展极其重要。论文采用线性规划模型对宁东能源化工基地的联合供水方案进行了优化研究,提出了地表水和地下水联合供水方案,确定了供水方案中地下水的实际配额和供水路线,得到下述结论:陶乐傍河水源地可向平罗精细化工基地供水0.065×10~8m~3/a;骆驼井应急水源地向横城和鸳鸯湖工矿区供水0.019×10~8m~3/a;吴忠平原2号和3号备选水源地向灵武工矿区供水0.089×10~8m~3/a和0.067×10~8m~3/a;大泉地区的1号水源地向南部的马家滩和积家井工矿区供水0.054×10~8m~3/a。按地下水总供水量0.294×10~8m~3/a和最佳供水路线联合配置地下水,地表水配额只需供水3.136×10~8m~3/a,既能满足宁东能源化工基地2020年规划对水资源需求,又可实现社会经济和环境效益的最大化。     

The future sustainability of water supply in Kuwait

Abstract

The main natural source of water available in Kuwait is the brackish groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam aquifers, where the salinity ranges from 4300 to 10200 mg/l and from 2500 to 10000 mg/l, respectively. Limited fresh groundwater resources in Al‐Rawdhatain and Umm Al‐Aish fields, which have a salinity of 359 ‐1737 mg/l, are also available. Most of the groundwater in Kuwait is used for irrigation, domestic purposes, small‐scale industries and for blending with distilled water. Because rainfall is seasonal and less than annual evaporation, the recharge of the groundwater from rainfall is negligible. The objective of this paper is to assess the different water resources in Kuwait in order to make an integrated management plan and to focus on future sustainability. Generally, in the State of Kuwait, there is increasing pressure on the natural water resources because of the exploitation of the aquifers at a rate exceeding that of both the groundwater recharge and population growth (from 1.4 million in 1980 to 2.55 million in 2003). This has lead to the observed decline in groundwater level and to the deterioration of water quality. In the early 1950s, a plan was endorsed in Kuwait to establish seawater desalination plants. By 2005, six desalination plants have been established, with a total capacity of distillation units of 1434.72 ×103 m³/d (315.6 MIGD). However, the gross maximum consumption for the year 2003 reached a value of 1440.17 ×103 m³/d (316.8 MIGD), which is higher than the total capacity of the available distillation units. Given the limitation of conventional water and the shortages of non‐conventional water, along with the increasing population, Kuwait must consider the recycling of wastewater for irrigation, industrial or any other unrestricted non‐potable purpose.     

新安江上游生态系统产水服务及价值

为模拟新安江上游下垫面水分存储因素对其实际供水能力的影响,采用降雨和潜在蒸散发及下垫面特征参数,结合耗水量模拟2010年新安江上游实际供水量及水资源的能值价值。结果表明:流域为下游贡献汇流量71.1×108m3,总价值达到29.9亿元。率水、街源河子流域供水能力较强。中部河谷平原区由于人为耗水过程,原本产水高值区成为实际供水的低值区。模拟产水量精度达97.0%,适用性较好,但下垫面参数仍需结合实测进一步优化。     

旱区植被生态需水量间接法计算参数的研究

植被生态需水问题是水资源优化配置和生态环境研究的热点,间接计算法是量化干旱地区天然植被生态需水量的主要方法。为了使计算结果更加准确,结合0. 618法与去极值法对间接法计算公式中潜水蒸发量E的计算做出改进,建立植被系数K的二阶Gaussian模型,最后运用灰色模型GM(1,1)对植被面积S的发展趋势进行预测。结果表明:优化所得潜水蒸发量——埋深曲线对实测数据拟合度更好,植被系数取值更加精确,以甘肃省民勤县为例,计算出该地2015年各类植被面积与资料记载差异较小,所得生态需水量结果与FOA推荐使用的Penman-Monteith模型相比无显著差异。在此基础上预测出2020年民勤县天然植被生态需水总量为4060. 8×10~4m~3,其中天然林地生态需水量预测为3100. 1×10~4m~3,天然草地生态需水量为960. 7×10~4m~3。研究使间接计算法对植被生态需水量的量化更加准确,为干旱地区水资源的分配及生态恢复政策的制定奠定了一定的研究基础。     

台州城市规划区地下水应急供水研究

结合台州城市规划区城市供水设施现状,在满足水量、水质及开采条件的基础上,优选了3处河谷孔隙潜水和2个孔隙承压含水层地下水应急水源地,并利用visual MODFLOW软件建立了孔隙承压水地下水流与溶质运移数值模型。计算的河谷孔隙潜水允许开采资源量为455.53×10~4m~3/a,孔隙承压水年均补给总量为472.3×10~4m~3。在遵循应急供水的原则下,设置了三级、二级和一级预警开采方案,计算结果均能满足应急供水要求。并预测评估了应急开采后的地面沉降、咸水入侵等地质环境问题,结果表明产生的地面沉降最大量为一级预警的14.2mm,相对可控,咸淡水界线移动不明显。     

Economic Value of Tree Fruit Production in Jordan Valley from a Virtual Water Perspective

The continuous high demand of water resources for agricultural uses in Jordan is leading to a water crisis. A possible partial solution may be to import food which requires large amounts of water to grow instead of cultivating high water consuming crops. Crops such as banana and citrus cause a huge virtual water loss, which can be reduced by cultivating other less water-demanding crops. This paper focuses on analyzing the economic value of cultivating tree fruit from a virtual water perspective. The virtual water calculations in this study depend on the average rainfall, water quota, and the crops’ water requirements (CWR). The gross profit to the water use ratio showed that banana has the lowest value 0.085 JD/m³, while lemon has the highest value 1.65 JD/m³. The calculations show that the average embedded water in fruits varies from about 470 m³/ton for grapes to about 2,500 m³/ton for dates. Banana and citrus plantations consume about 21 and 71 million cubic meters (MCM) annually, respectively, which represent about 85% of the total water consumption in fruit tree plantation. The virtual water flow estimation embedded in fruits shows that Jordan imports about 77 MCM per year. However it exports about 29 MCM per year. The results were analyzed from an integrated water resources management (IWRM) perspective. The analysis shows that a way to recover some of the water costs involved in, e.g., banana production would be to increase the fertilizer cost by about 10%. This would double the water cost and increase the banana production cost by about 6.8%. Using this alternative could be a way to better manage the huge losses in virtual water involved in banana production in the Jordan Valley.     

面向双保证率的水库供水能力优化计算方法研究

随着城市化进程的推进和生态文明理念的深入,水库供水任务日趋复杂,涵盖城镇供水、农业灌溉、生态保障多类目标,分析水库多目标供水能力对于工程的功能调整等决策十分必要。本文综合考虑水库供水目标的竞争性与保证率差异性,提出面向双保证率的水库供水能力双层优化计算方法,通过调度线控制和城镇供水能力区间迭代实现满足不同保证率的多目标供水能力计算。外层基于粒子群算法以城镇供水能力最大为目标对水库调度线进行优化,协调不同用户的供水关系;内层在给定规则下通过迭代计算满足双保证率要求的城镇供水能力。通过内外层嵌套计算实现对水库调度规则和供水能力的同步优化。以三亚市赤田水库为实例进行研究,在城镇供水保证率为95%、农业灌溉保证率为90%时,通过优化调度规则得出水库总供水能力为9400万m~3。设置不同农业保证率和农业需水情景作分析对比,二者均对城镇供水能力有影响,总供水能力随农业保证率降低而提高。分析表明,双层优化计算方法可以实现对调度线的优化,得出满足城镇、农业双保证率要求的供水能力,且计算方法收敛稳定性较高,优化生成的调度线年内分布合理,可为水库多目标供水能力的计算和相关决策提供参考。     

岱海湖温排水对湖面附加蒸发量影响研究

岱海湖为一内陆封闭型湖泊。本研究利用3、7、12月份冬夏工况,综合考虑岱海湖边界条件,水面温度、密度、水面天然温度、大气温度、相对湿度等影响因子,构建温排水对岱海湖附加蒸发量影响的计算公式。经计算,电厂温排水引起的岱海湖附加蒸发损失量为:3月份为39.46万m3,7月份为73.3万m3,12月份为10.6万m3,岱海湖电厂温排水年附加蒸发水量约为678.2万m3/a。结果表明:附加蒸发量与电厂温排水量变化一致。本研究对干旱区水资源利用具有重要意义。     

于桥水库流域水源供给服务的空间分布格局

空间定量评估流域生态系统水源供给服务功能对水源区可持续发展及生态补偿机制的建立具有重要意义。基于研究区土地利用数据、气象数据和土壤数据,应用In VEST模型评估了于桥水库流域生态系统的水源供给量,并定量分析了流域水源供给能力的空间分布格局特征。结果表明:当Zhang系数为3.2时,流域的年径流深为161 mm,流域内年总产水量为3.14亿m~3。从空间分布格局来看,流域水源供给量存在显著的空间异质性;南部和中东部平原区单位面积水源供给量较高,水库南岸水源供给能力高于北岸;遵化市和蓟县对水源供给总量的贡献率达到85%;流域内不同景观类型的水源供给能力由大到小的排序为:耕地林地人工表面裸地灌草地,耕地、林地和人造表面对水源供给总量的贡献率达到82%。流域南部和中东部平原区是水源供给功能保护的重点区域,但同时也是防控城镇面源污染的关键地区。     

Incorporating Virtual Water into Water Management: A British Columbia Example

Virtual water is the water required to produce food or a commodity, and includes rainwater in addition to irrigation and the water required to grow feed in livestock systems. Measuring virtual water is a useful concept in assessing water management as it permits the comparison of crops and livestock from the perspective of embedded water. To evaluate trade-offs in water allocation in countries like Canada with large regional variability in climate, virtual water should be calculated on a watershed scale. Two watersheds in Canada were selected representing wet and dry regions, and virtual water requirements for crop and livestock products were evaluated. For both the Lower Fraser Valley and the Okanagan basins, the results indicate that the most water demanding agricultural activities are livestock and fodder production. In the Lower Fraser basin, berry crops require 32 Mm³ of virtual water per year and have a potential value of $95 million. In contrast, the major fruit crops in the Okanagan require 63 Mm³ of virtual water per year and have a potential value of $95 million. In contrast, the major fruit crops in the Okanagan require 63 Mm³ of virtual water per year and have a potential value of 68 million. Blueberries and grapes which have moderately high virtual water contents have been expanding in the Lower Fraser and Okanagan basins respectively. Water to grow feed dominates overall animal virtual water requirements. Livestock requires nearly 4.5 times more virtual water per year than crops in the Lower Fraser, poultry and dairy having the largest virtual water requirements. In the dry Okanagan basin the total virtual water requirements for crops and livestock are similar. To accommodate future growth, decisions on water management will need to be made, particularly in dry basins such as the Okanagan. Virtual water calculations provide information that can assist decision makers in the strategic choices of reallocation and conservation water use.     

Impact of planned water resource development on current and future water demand in the Koshi River basin,Nepal

The water resources of the Koshi Basin (87,311 km²) are largely untapped, and while proposals for their development exist, their impacts on current and future water demand are not quantified. The current study is the first to evaluate the impacts of 11 proposed development projects for hydropower generation and water storage. We find that 29,733 GWh of hydropower could be generated annually and 8382 million m³ of water could be stored. This could satisfy unmet demand in the current (660 million m³) basin situation and in future scenarios – i.e. population, agricultural and industrial growth – that are projected to have 920, 970 and 1003 million m³ of unmet demand, respectively, by 2050.     

Groundwater-surface water interactions and agricultural nutrient transport in a Great Lakes clay plain system

Nutrient export from agricultural land to surface waters is a significant environmental concern within the Great Lakes Basin (GLB). A field-based watershed-scale study was completed to investigate spatial and temporal variations of phosphorus and nitrate to assess nutrient transport pathways and groundwater-surface water interactions in an agriculturally dominated clay plain system. This was conducted in the 127 km² Upper Parkhill Watershed, near Lake Huron in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Data collection occurred from June 2018 to May 2019 via continuous sensor deployment and discrete sampling of stream water, groundwater, hyporheic zone, and tile drainage water. Samples were analyzed for various nutrient species (total, total dissolved, soluble reactive, and particulate phosphorus, and nitrate-N) to examine the hydrological dynamics of principal transport pathways of agriculturally-derived nutrients. Total phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in stream water ranged from 0.007 to 0.324 mg/L and 0.32 to 13.13 mg NO₃^?-N/L, respectively. Tile drainage water total phosphorous concentrations varied from 0.006 to 0.066 mg/L. Groundwater total dissolved phosphorus concentrations ranged from <0.003 to 0.085 mg/L. Transport of phosphorus through tile drainage was observed to be greater than through groundwater over the study period. No distinct relationship was observed between nutrient concentrations in the hyporheic zone and the vertical hydraulic gradient within this zone in the studied stream reach. Preliminary correlations were discerned between water quality observations and recognized land management practices. Given the elevated stream nutrient concentrations, these results are consequential for the continual improvement of strategies and programs devised to conserve water resources within the GLB.