Analysis of Storm Water Runoff Impact on Water Quality of Dishui Lake in New Harbour Town, Shanghai

1 IntroductionThe Shanghai Municipality Government is planning a har-bour town,on the coast southeast of Shanghai , will be one ofprospective . The city centre of the new harbour town will be amixedland-use catchment with residential ,commercial ,and e-du…     

Relative Effects of Water Temperature and Water Chemistry on the Fish of the Thames Tideway

1 IntroductionThe Tidal Thames is a well mixed estuary stretching some140 km from Teddington to the North Sea , which provideshabitats for both resident and migrant fish species . With tidalwater enteringfromthe ocean and fresh water flowingfromtheland ,t…     

Small Hydropower Plants at Drops on Multi-Use Water Courses

In arid regions of various countries in the world, multi-use water courses take off from storage reservoirs or diversion head works. The canals, running at very mild slopes to maintain maximum command negotiate steeper slopes of the terrain through drops at suitable intervals. The energy of flows at these falls, otherwise dissipated causing thermal pollution of the environment, can be utilized to generate hydropower by mini/micro hydro turbine generator. Canal drops are standardized, thus offering an excellent opportunity to standardize the small hydropower units, resulting in economy. The canals carry regulated and predictable flows free from debris. The flow-duration curves can be easily obtained with precision. The greatest advantage for hydropower generation at the canal drops is operation at maximum efficiency under constant head and discharge for a unit. A battery of hydro units can be installed to be successively started or stopped as the discharge and hence the water level in the upstream reach of the canal rises or falls. Bulb turbines with fixed guide vanes and runner blades in siphons placed directly over suitably modi- fied drop walls present the simplest and most economical solution as all civil works and complicated controls are avoided. Grid connected systems with induction generators will simplify controls. Prompted by the canal water level sensed, the control unit starts vacuum pump to prime a siphon and start a unit or de-prime the siphon by opening to the atmosphere a vent on the siphon hood and thus stop the unit. A number of units on various falls on a canal can remotely be controlled. The bulb units with hermitically sealed generators can be replaced through manholes for maintenance at a central workshop. A small traveling crane over the units and a cabinet for controls are all that are required as auxiliaries. The design case study of such a mini-micro hydropower station on a two meter drop on a canal is presented to exemplify.     

Brief Introduction of Wanjiazhai Water Complex on the Yellow River

Wanjiazhai Water Complex on the Yellow River isa major project included in the national Ninth Five-Year Plan, financed by three investors of the Ministryof Water Resources, governments of Shanxi Provinceand Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is located     

Preliminary Study on Strategic Water Transfer Project in Western China

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Does Water Efficiency Reduce Water Consumption? The Economy-Wide Water Rebound Effect

Water Resources Management - Governments stimulate efficiency measures to save water resources, particularly in areas with high water stress and those that experience droughts. However, economic...     

Special Issue on Water Resources Construction in the Development of the West

General Thoughts on Water Resources Devel-opment In Western Regions In order to realize the objective of having abreakthrough in construction of infrastructure facilitiesand ecological environment, Ministry of Water Re-sources has proposed the Guiding Principles of WaterResources Development in West Regions as follows:     

Method and Practice on Water Function Division of the Yangtze River Region

Ｗａｔｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｓｔｏｄｉｖｉｄｅｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｓｉｎａｂａ ｓｉｎｏｒａｒｅｇｉｏｎｉｎｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｗａｔｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｓａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓａｓｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ ,ｇｅｏ ｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ ,ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ ,ｅｔｃ .ａｎｄｓｏｃｉａｌｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓａｓｔｈｅｓｔａｔｕｓｑｕｏｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉ…     

Seminar on Cavitation and Cavitation Erosion in Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

61 specialists and scholars assembled at the Institute of Xinjiang ShiheziAgriculture from August 25 to 30,1988,for a seminar on cavitation and cavitationerosion occurred in water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering.The partici-pants came from 33 design and research institutes,universities,factories allover the country.The main subjects under discussion of the conference are:1.     

Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality for Safe Water Supply—A Case Study from Shillong,India

To ascertain the quality of drinking water being supplied and maintained, it is necessary to conduct water quality surveillance for evolving suitable strategy for future planning. In the present investigation, water quality was monitored in treatment plants, service reservoirs, and at consumer ends in three seasons to assess the baseline water quality status at Shillong in Meghalaya. There are three water treatment plants at Shillong namely Umkhen, Mawlai and GSWS with design capacities of 1.5, 3.4 and 34 Million liter per day (MLD) respectively. Each treatment plant is having rapid sand filtration followed by disinfection. The study reveals that the physico-chemical parameters of water quality at consumer end meets Indian drinking water quality standards (BIS 1991) after conventional treatment followed by disinfection, whereas the bacteriological parameters for raw water sources exceed the permissible limit indicating the treatment need for drinking purposes. Throughout year the average feacal coliform contamination at service reservoir and to consumer end were found as 44 to 156 CFU/100 ml which may be attributed to the general management practices for maintenance of service reservoirs and the possibility of en route contamination.     

Citizens’ Perceptions on Water Conservation Policies and the Role of Social Capital

Planning and implementing environmental policies for the sustainable management of water resources is a challenging task. In order to improve the effectiveness of these policies it is essential to explore their social implications. The present article aims to investigate environmental policies focusing on domestic water conservation and their interconnection with social capital elements. In particular, by means of an empirical study conducted in an insular community of Greece, citizens’ perceptions are explored concerning the restrictions imposed from different environmental policy instruments for water consumption and their perceived level of effectiveness. Furthermore, the influence of social capital parameters on these perceptions is investigated. Aggregated indicators of social capital are estimated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis measuring social and institutional trust, participation in social networks and compliance with social norms. Through the results of ordinal regression models it is evident that significant connections exist between elements of social capital and perceptions of citizens towards water consumption policies.     

Exploring Synergies Between Hardware and Software Interventions on Water Savings in China: Farmers’ Response to Water Usage and Crop Production

Evidence is presented on synergies due to the sequencing and packaging of water reforms based on a review of case studies from the Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS) in the Yangtze River basin in China. Faced with strategic challenges of economic growth, food security, population growth, and climate change, China has implemented numerous hardware and software interventions in the water sector to increase the availability of water. These interventions??ranging from the provincial and system level to farm and field level??allow reallocation of water from agriculture to higher value uses, without significant reduction in crop production. This review of selected hardware and software interventions suggests that water sector reforms generate significant benefits for peasant farming communities and local governments. The review indicates that all agents respond to the same set of incentives simultaneously, by changing production and resource use decisions such that cumulative benefits from hardware and software interventions reinforce synergies. Synergies from reforms are evident, yet scaling up local collective actions for optimal impact is problematic. Heterogeneity in socioeconomic factors, as well as spatial differences, are the main stumbling blocks. Rewarding reformers seems to work, yet the benefits are neither immediate nor straight forward. Local implementation of national policies requires a systematic and coherent framework suited to the level of economic development of each region in order to achieve synergies from water reforms.     

Locating Water Desalination Facilities for Municipal Drinking Water Based on Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Groundwater in Iran’s Desert Regions

Groundwater resources have become the main resources for water supply due to the unavailability of surface water in arid zones. Arid zone’s damage to groundwater resources will have a high impact on human life in arid zones comparing to other regions. Due to the lack of surface water resources in these arid zones, groundwater is used as a resource for drinking and sanitation purposes due to the lack of surface water resources in these arid zones. Water desalination facilities are set up in locations where there is both sufficient amount of water (quantitative criteria) and the extracted water has adequate quality (qualitative criteria). Therefore, an optimization model should be used to locate optimal places for water desalination facilities. Multi-criteria decision-making models are mathematical techniques that, by using the geographic information system, are able to evaluate the options under complicated and indefinite geographic conditions. This research prepares information and factor maps to assign weights to qualitative water maps which were combined in the form of an inductive network. Therefore, by employing the concept of fuzzy fusion models, this article presents a method for solving multi-criteria geographically-indeterminate problems, and finally finds an appropriate location for the construction of a water desalination system in the desert region of Birjand in Iran.     

Spatial Analysis of Water Use in Oregon, USA, 1985–2005

Water use patterns are not distributed evenly over space and time. Determining the amount of water used within a region, as well as the various ways in which water is used is important for making adequate and sustainable water management policies and determining future water availability. We examined differences in spatial trends in Oregon freshwater use (total, municipal, and agricultural water withdrawals), by county, between the years 1985 and 2005. We also explored biophysical and socioeconomic factors that explain spatial patterns using Moran’s I, local index of spatial autocorrelation (LISA), and spatial regression models. There was a moderate positive spatial autocorrelation among counties that had similar total and irrigation withdrawals. LISA analysis identified hot spots between certain arid agricultural counties in the southeastern Oregon and cold spots between certain humid northwestern counties, including within the Portland metro area. Annual precipitation and income are negatively associated with total water withdrawals. Summer temperature and farm size is positively associated with irrigation water withdrawals, while net cash return and income are negatively associated with irrigation water withdrawals. When compared to ordinary least square regression models, spatial error models that take into account spatial dependence provide a more comprehensive explanation of the variations of water use, suggesting that water resource planning and management should incorporate spatial and neighborhood effects to effective manage limited natural resources.     

WEAP21—A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model

Abstract

The Water Evaluation and Planning Version 21 (WEAP21) Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) model seamlessly integrates water supplies generated through watershed-scale hydrologic processes with a water management model driven by water demands and environmental requirements and is governed by the natural watershed and physical network of reservoirs, canals, and diversions. This version (WEAP21) extends the previous WEAP model by introducing the concept of demand priorities and supply preferences, which are used in a linear programming heuristic to solve the water allocation problem as an alternative to multi-criteria weighting or rule-based logic approaches. WEAP21 introduces a transparent set of model objects and procedures that can be used to analyze a full range of issues faced by water planners through a scenario-based approach. These issues include climate variability and change, watershed condition, anticipated demands, ecosystem needs, the regulatory environment, operational objectives, and available infrastructure.     

Water Quality Changes in Lake Erie, 1968–1980

Data on chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentration, which were collected by Canada Centre for Inland Waters during the period 1968 to 1980, are statistically analyzed to evaluate the changes in the water quality of Lake Erie. There are strong evidences of a decreasing trend in the value of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus in the western, central, and eastern basins of the lake between 1970 and 1980. Furthermore, a statistical model is developed for the hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentration in the central basin. The model shows that the increase in depletion is related to the increase in the level of total phosphorus. Hence, it is possible to improve the anoxic conditions in the lake by controlling total phosphorus loadings.     

Research on Expansive Soils Encountered in Middle Route Project of South-to-north Water Transfer Canal

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