Community Participation in Water and Sanitation

Abstract

This paper addresses community participation issues in the water and sanitation sector. A brief introduction is provided, including a historical explanation of the origins of participation in water and sanitation projects. Subsequently, participation is defined, and the focus is directed to the types and levels of participation and their advantages and disadvantages. In order to better understand emerging issues when designing and implementing a water and sanitation project, a case study from Ecuador is presented and analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for future projects are given.     

Water Governance 2.0: A Review and Second Generation Research Agenda

Water scholars and practitioners generally agree that improving water governance is the key to addressing water insecurity in developing countries. We review the literature on water governance and argue for a second-generation research agenda, which pays more attention to the study of incentive structures, is multi and inter-disciplinary in orientation and with clear policy implications. We then illustrate how theories drawn from public economics, new institutional economics, political economy and public administration can help diagnose the challenges of integrated water resources management, improving efficiency of water utilities, privatization of utilities and public-private partnerships, water pricing reforms, virtual waters/water trading, among others. We conclude that these tools can help advance the second-generation research agenda on water governance.     

Political and Professional Agency Entrapment: An Agenda for Urban Water Research

The many societal benefits provided by traditional, centralised urban water servicing models are being re-examined following recent extreme weather events, climate uncertainty and other variable socio-technical trends. Total water cycle management offers a more flexible and resilient approach to urban water management, however, transformative change in the sector is difficult. A growing number of scholars have identified that the urban water sector is locked-in to the current large-scale, centralised infrastructure model and suggest the sector is unable to accommodate new technologies and management approaches beyond niche projects. Based on extensive socio-institutional research and example cases from Australian and United Kingdom experiences managing urban water under pressures such as modern environmentalism, prolonged water scarcity and sewerage overflows, this paper provides a commentary on common factors exhibited in both countries related to technological path dependency. Three key factors promoting this pathway: political risk, professional agency fear and a lack of a hybrid governance approach are discussed and a future scholarly research agenda is presented.     

Changing Ownership Structures in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Abstract

The development over time of the water supply and sanitation sectors in four countries is analyzed to reveal the changing role of the private sector. In some cases, local, small-scale private water supply and sanitation systems have been able to develop progressively into large-scale official systems, which may later be privatized. In other cases, foreign capital has been more significant in the development of modern water supply and sanitation systems, particularly where privatization has occurred much earlier in the national development process. In much of the developing world, domestic water supply and sanitation is dominated not by the official water supply and sanitation companies but by independent operators who function without subsidies but with enormous variability in terms of quality of service and prices offered. However, they are constrained generally by the absence of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks, including the lack of independent regulatory authorities. There is a need, where appropriate, to continue to encourage large-scale private sector involvement in the official water supply sectors of the developing world. At the same time though, it is only by promoting policies that also further the development (where appropriate) of the independent water supply and sanitation providers that access to water supply and sanitation services can be maximized since better use of local resources in many developing countries, both local human resources and capital, provide a key means for improving access to water supply and sanitation.     

Evolving International Collaborative Arrangements for Water Supply and Sanitation

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the problem of identifying annual operation, maintenance, and replacement (OM&;R) expenditures needed to maintain performance of the water delivery system in Egypt. The deliver system, which includes the High Aswan Dam (HAD), large irrigation structures. pump stations, ond thousands of canals and drains, is described. Procedures for estimating these OM&;R costs and assessing system benefits in the various use sectors are presented. The article also explains the development and application of a cost allocation model to estimate the share of the various use sectors from the system cost.     

参与式方法在农村供水与卫生项目中的应用

饮用清洁卫生的水是人类的基本需求.近几年来,四川省投资6亿多元,建成各类农村供水工程1.3万余处,解决了近200万农户的饮水困难,使农村饮水短缺和卫生状况差的局面得到了极大的改善.随着国民经济的发展,传统的农村供水与卫生建设模式面临着一些新的挑战.……     

Strengthening Community Water Supply Management and Striving for Improved Sanitation in Sudan

Abstract

Although the amount of water on our planet is relatively fixed, it remains essential for all living things as well as hydropower generation, navigation, industrial use, etc. It is also becoming increasingly necessary for the growth and economic well being of industry. It is vital, therefore, that this scarce resource is well managed to meet the needs of a growing population as well as the demands of increased industrialisation throughout Sudan. Water and raw materials may be transported for long distances to reach domestic consumers and industries. Domestic and industrial wastes, however, must be dealt with where they are generated. In large cities, waste management has been difficult because of rapid urban growth. Environmental and water pollution is now a major concern throughout Sudan. An integrated approach to tackle water pollution issues should be adopted by industries, communities, local authorities, central governments, and professionals working in the sector. Most polluters give little or no attention to the control and proper management of the polluting effluents. This may be due to lack of enforceable legislation and/or the fear of spending money on the treatment of their effluent prior to discharge. Furthermore, the fines imposed on offenders are generally too low and therefore do not deter would be offenders.     

Equity in Domestic Water Rates Design

Water rates seek at once to fund the service, to distribute the cost among users and to allocate water based on demand. Therefore, rates design is frequently subject to normative criteria such as full cost recovery, efficiency, equity and simplicity. This paper, proposes a method of ensuring the operational effectiveness of the equity criterion. Specifically, the objective is to resolve the problem of equity caused by pricing systems involving stepwise increments in the cost of aggregate household consumption. The problem is that it is more costly to meet basic individual water needs, the larger the household concerned. This paper analyses the water rates applied in the city of Zaragoza (Spain) and proposes a new rates design based on the normative criteria referred to above, which is applicable to any city and, therefore, may be of general interest. The authors are grateful for the financial support received from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science via research project SEC2005-06069/ECON and from the City Council of Zaragoza under the Agreement for water research made with the University of Zaragoza.     

中国水利水电拟在建项目资讯

地 区:江西项目名称:飞剑潭灌区挖潜配套 改造工程建设周期:2001～2003年投资总额:5623.4万元进展阶段:正在报批项目建议书 f立项)关键设备:输水、喷灌设备建设内容:渠道整治及渠系建筑物 改造地 区:江西项目名称:袁州区城区供水工程建设周期:2001～2004年投资总额:’75007j元进展阶段:正盔唯龇顶目建}义书(立项)关键设备:高压输水管道建设内容:飞剑潭水库宜春市城区 供水地 区:湖南项目名称:靖州异溪河防洪堤工程建设周期:2002～2004年投资总额:1200万元进展阶段:已批可研正在做工程设计关键设备:挖掘机、推土机、夯实机建设内容:修筑堤防…     

Assessment on the Approaches Used for Water and Sanitation Programs in Southern Ethiopia

Water supply and sanitation systems using the supply-driven approach have not met the demands of consumers. Systems are also facing problems of underuse, poor maintenance and inadequate cost recovery. This study reports about approaches used by water and sanitation program implementers in Shebedino District, a rural area in Ethiopia. A community-based study was conducted using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and a structured questionnaire. A total of 635 households were studied. The supplier-induced approach was found to be the main approach used by program implementers. The involvement of beneficiary communities at different stages of the projects was limited. Water and sanitation services were subsidized by implementing agencies but households were dissatisfied with the outcomes. More than 88?% of respondents stated that they did not have any relevant skills or expertise to enable them to maintain the facilities. Logistic regression analysis results showed that approaches used by sanitation program implementers were statistically associated with sex of household heads (2.144, AOR 95?% Cl: 1.520?C3.025), family size (1.554, AOR 95?% CI: 1.100?C2.196), subsidy (1.699, AOR 95?% CI: 0.390?C0.921) and occupation (15.196, AOR 95?% CI: 1.946?C118.660). However, no statistical significant association was found among age, sex, marital status, income, family size, education and occupation and approaches used by water program implementers. Generally, the unsatisfactory results of the supplier-induced approach (80.8?% for water and 33.1?% for sanitation facilities) point out the need for program implementers to give more attention to the demands and preferences of users.     

Reforming the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (UWSS) Sector in Yemen

In the early 1990s, Yemen suffered from low service coverage and national tariffs that were too low to cover public expenditure, as well as an inadequate level of service provided by the centralized National Water and Sanitation Authority. In 1996, a reform study recommended that the UWSS sector should embrace a policy of decentralization, corporatization, commercialization, the separation of service delivery and regulatory functions, as well as public-private partnerships. The government approved this reform agenda as a Council of Ministers Decree in 1997. Awareness campaigns and consensus-building among stakeholders and political leaders and local demand supported the reform process. Currently, 95% of the total urban population related to utility towns is attended by independent utilities.     

水土保持对延河洪水的影响

采用对比分析方法研究陕西省延河流域水土保持对延安站洪水的影响,结果显示:延安站中、小洪水的年发生率降低;汛期径流量减少,枯水期径流量增加;相似降水条件下,90年代延安站洪水的洪峰流量、洪量和输沙量比80年代有所减少;洪水历时延长,洪水过程线呈现涨洪陡、落洪缓的特点。这些变化整体上有利于防洪和水资源的开发利用。     

陆浑、故县水库分期设计洪水深讨

陆浑、故县水库由于入库径流年内分布不均匀，防洪与兴利之间存在很大矛盾。通过对这两个水库实测洪水资料分析、气象资料论证、历史洪水的考证，提出以８月２０日作为陆浑、故县水库每年汛期的前汛期和后汛期的分界。文中还分别计算了两水库汛期不同阶段的设计洪水，为水库的合理调度奠定了基础。     

Integrating the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive in Ireland

Water Framework Directive (WFD) statutory authorities and stakeholders in Ireland are now challenged with the issue of how the proposed programmes of measures in the newly required River Basin Management Plans - designed to protect and restore good ecology by reverting as closely as possible back to natural conditions - are to be implemented in a way that concurrently complies with other existing and emerging intersecting European Union legislation, such as the Floods Directive (FD). The WFD is driven largely by ecological considerations, whereas the FD and other legislation are more geared towards protecting physical property and mitigating public safety risks. Thus many of the same waterbodies, especially heavily modified waterbodies, arguably have somewhat competing policy objectives put upon them. This paper explores the means by which Ireland might best achieve the highest degrees of cost effectiveness, economic efficiency and institutional durability in pursuing the common and overarching objective of the WFD and FD - to ensure Irish waterways are put to their highest valued uses.     

前汛期中小洪水小浪底水库调水调沙方式

小浪底水库运用进入拦沙后期以来水沙偏枯,洪水期多采用蓄水拦沙方式运用,2007—2016年水库整体排沙较少,排沙比为26.7%,细沙排沙比约38.7%。前汛期是水库的主要排沙时段,排沙比为29.4%。分析认为,前汛期潼关站出现流量大于等于1 500 m~3/s持续2 d且含沙量大于50 kg/m~3的洪水过程时,小浪底入库沙量较多,2007—2016年满足条件的洪水仅出现5场,入库沙量占前汛期的72.5%;数学模型计算结果表明,上述洪水期间通过优化水库调度,可有效减缓水库淤积,同时下游河道淤积主要集中在小浪底—夹河滩河段,实测资料及前期研究表明淤积在小浪底—夹河滩河段的泥沙对河道影响不大,且在下次汛前调水调沙或者小浪底水库清水下泄过程中能够冲刷并向下游输送。     

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Water Management Policies in Bangladesh

Water resources development and management policies initiatives in Bangladesh are primarily driven by the need for sufficient food grain production for the country's teeming population and curtailing the perennial flooding problems. It is therefore necessary to investigate whether or not these objectives are being met. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impacts of past water resources development and management strategies on agriculture, food security, flood management and socio-economic development in Bangladesh. The research is based on the historical data of the relevant parameters of the water resources management over the period 1947–2005. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that past policies and strategies of water development have resulted in significant irrigation expansion, especially through intensified groundwater utilization, which has helped to achieve the country's primary objective of self-sufficiency in food production. However, the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities still remains a challenge in the country. Similarly, the impact of the flood control policies was diverse with success mostly apparent with regard to protection against modest events, while catastrophic, extreme events still effectively defying answer.